Chapter 4

EARLY PEOPLE OF THE AEGEAN Classical Civilization

Minoans: successful trade civilization in Crete Island of Crete= between Egypt & Greece, center for culture and trade along Aegean Sea Palace of Knossos= capital Included religious shrines dedicated to gods 1400 BC Minoan civilization vanishes Possibly wiped out by invaders Invaded by Mycenaeans MINOAN TRADERS (1750BC BC)

Took over power after Minoans vanish Lived in city-states of Greek mainland Best known for fighting in Trojan War (1250 BC) MYCENAEANS (1400BC BC)

Mythological Cause: Trojan prince kidnapped Greek queen Helen of Troy -Greeks sailed to Troy, rescued kidnapped queen Helen Historic Cause: trade route turf war btwn Mycenaeans & Troy War lasted 10 years until Troy was burned TROJAN WAR

Most of what we know about Greece comes from poet, Homer Blind poet lived around 750 BC Wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey Wrote about Greek warriors & heroes & display of honor & courage & eloquence HOMER & GREECE

1100 BC, Dorians invade Greece Captured Mycenaeans Greece was left an obscure, desolate land Hundreds of years before Greece recuperated CONQUERED

MINOANSMYCENAEANSDORIANS Info MINOANS, MYCENAEANS & DORIANS

RISE OF GREEK CITY-STATES Section 2

Seas & water=link to the outside world  Skilled traders & sailors Developed unique ideas about government Polis: city-state “city” Built many small city- states, separated by mountains & sea instead of one large empire Rivalries often led to war, but had same language & religions GEOGRAPHY SHAPES GREECE

Polis= major city & surrounding countryside Acropolis: high city/major city Built on a hill, contained many temples Monarchy: hereditary ruler controls central gov’t Aristocracy: ruled by landholding elite Oligarchy: city-state controlled by small wealthy group GOVERNING GREECE

New war technology develops  increases power of middle class Phalanx: massive tactical formation where heavily armed soldiers Sparta: stressed military strength & training Bred & trained children to fight (boys & girls) Men: strict discipline & exercise regimen Women: exercised, trained, & had to have sons NEW WARFARE

-Democracy: governed by the people -Direct Democracy: every citizen votes on every law -Representative Democracy: citizens vote for reps who make laws -Legislature: council of citizens who became the law making body NEW GOVERNMENT

ATHENIAN DEMOCRACY

What is an acropolis? What was the main focus o Spartan culture? How were Spartan women & Athenian women different? Main Idea: SUMMARY

AthensSparta GREEK CITY-STATES CHART THE DIFFERENCES

CONFLICT IN GREECE Chapter4 Section 3

Key Terms 1. Alliance2. Pericles3. Ostracism Focus Question: How did war with invaders and conflict among Greeks affect city-states? CONFLICT IN GREECE

Persian Empire= Large enough to include Greek city-states, gov’t became difficult…led to war Persian Wars: Greeks Won! …eventually Athens  most powerful city-state Formed alliance w/ others  Delian League Alliance: formal agreement with other powers to cooperate GREEKS & PERSIANS

Athens  golden age led by Pericles Good govt, good economy, more democratic Direct Democracy: citizens directly contribute to daily gov’t men in Assembly & Council were paid (stipend) LEADERSHIP

Athenians served on juries Citizens who make the final judgment in a trial Also voted to banish any threat to democracy Ostracism: to banish ORDER IN THE COURT!

Athens = prospered to cultural center Other city-states jealous  war Peloponnesian War: Athens vs. Sparta Sparta + Persia= defeated Athens Athens economy was eventually revived Summary??? REIGN OF PERICLES

CONFLICT IN GREECE Persian WarsAthenian DemocracyPeloponnesian War Details

GLORY OF GREECE Chapter 4 Section 4 & 5

Greek thinkers used observation and reason to explain Philosophers: Lovers of wisdom Explored areas of math, music, logic (rational) Some defined proper behavior, some believed success= more important that moral truth Used rhetoric skills: art of skillful speaking PHILOSOPHERS

Socrates: believed in seeking truth & knowledge Plato: Student of Socrates, promoted knowledge Set up school called Academy Aristotle: student of Plato, promoted reason Set up school called Lyceum PHILOSOPHERS

Greek artists/architects reflected beauty and balance in their works Parthenon- most famous example of Greek architecture Sculptors carved figures in rigid poses, then more natural forms with grace & perfection ART & ARCHITECTURE

Playwrights wrote tragedies & comedies Tragedy: tell of suffering and end in disaster Comedy: humorous plays to mock/criticize society History important area of study for Greeks Herodotus: “Father of History” Emphasized research & recording of events LITERATURE & HISTORY

Philip II: king of Macedonia, built massive empire & was assassinated before he was able to conquer Persian Empire Alexander the Great: took the throne & began to conquer Persia Died at 33 & people assimilated to Greek culture Assimilated: absorbed, merged LEADERSHIP

Alexandria: city center of Egypt, founded by Alexander the Great Great library, extravagant architecture, grand detail to glorify leaders Called the Hellenistic age (for rulers) GREECE + EGYPT

Pythagoras: mathematician, developed formula for right triangle Archimedes: applied physics to inventions Aristarchus developed heliocentric (sun-centered solar system theory) Hippocrates: physician studied causes & cures for illnesses GREEK GEEKS