Urbanization is the physical growth of rural or natural land into urban areas as a result of population immigration to an existing urban area.

 Agglomeration is the act or process of gathering into a mass.

 Rural to urban migration is happening on a massive scale due to population pressure and lack of resources in rural areas.  People living in rural areas are “PULLED” to the city. Often they believe that the standard of living in urban areas will be much better in urban areas.  Natural increase caused by a decrease in death rates while birth rates remain high.

 A range of economic, social, cultural and environmental factors affect urbanization.  Urbanization is encouraged socially and culturally through the media.

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 Cities have strong socio-cultural impacts on their surrounding rural areas.  The mass media depicts city life as superior to rural life, the “STANDARD” language is deemed that of the national capital, and better services are received in the city due to its wealth.  The fertility rate in cities is often lower than in rural areas. WHY?

 due to the absence of agriculture, the cost of children, food and living space in cities, equality in gender (men and women both work full time jobs), “on the go” lifestyle and family planning.

 As a city grows, the cost of housing and infrastructure also grows, since there is less water, land and building material available, and greater congestion problems.

Toronto Rio De Janeiro

 As a city decays, governments often do not meet the service needs of residents and urban development is dominated by private capital.  Unemployment grows, as do drug abuse, crime and homelessness. WHY?

Air pollution results from over-dependence on motorized transport and from burning of coal to supply energy  Water pollution results from poor sewage facilities and disposal of industrial heavy metals into waterways  Vast quantities of solid in industries waste is produced  Traffic congestion is a major environmental impact of large city

 Improvement in economy  Growth of commercial activities  Social & cultural integration  Efficient services  Resources of utilization

 Slums and its consequences of overcrowding  sanitation  Poverty/homeless  Illiteracy  Unemployment  Crime  Global warming  Air pollution  Water scarcity  loss of forest cover, agricultural land and depletion of wildlife as a result of urban sprawl

 Urban sprawl, also known as suburban sprawl, is the spreading of a city and its suburbs over rural land at the fringe of an urban area

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