TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Bell RingerDate: October 28 th, )Copy down Homework for this week. DBQ IS TOMORROW 2) Take out your Bell Ringers Sheet and answer the question below… Question: What makes up a strong army or fighting force?

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. YOU HAVE 15 MINUTES TO COMPLETE BOTH SIDES Take out sheet D2 from yesterday – A Nation Declares Independence… …..Use the information on the following slide to complete the back. You will be translating words from “Common Sense” by Thomas Paine into modern day English.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Use this for Common Sense… A) “There is nothing positive that will come from staying connected to Great Britain.” E) “How can a tiny country like Great Britain be expected to care for such a large nation like America. It just doesn’t make sense. It should be the other way around.” B) “Some people believe that the colonies have and will always benefit from Great Britain but I couldn’t disagree more with that statement.” C) “We need to be free NOW before things get any worse. If we wait, it will only be harder.” F) “Don’t call Great Britain our caretaker – they’ve been abusive to us!” D) “Maybe all along the only reason Great Britain cared for us was for HER benefit!”

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Revolutionary War, 1776–1777 (D3) Take out and Label a piece of paper… - Fold your paper in 1/3 to write Cornell notes. Underlined Questions go on the Left side. Red Text goes on the Right side.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Objectives Discover the results of fighting in the Middle States. Understand why the Battle of Saratoga was a turning point in the American Revolution. Learn how foreign nations and volunteers helped the Americans.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Terms and People Nathan Hale – Connecticut officer and American spy who was executed by the British mercenary – soldier who is paid to fight for a country other than his or her own alliance – formal agreement between two powers to work together toward a common goal Marquis de Lafayette – French noble and high- ranking officer in Washington ’ s army

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Terms and People (continued) cavalry – units of troops on horseback Friedrich von Steuben – German baron who helped train the Continental army

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. How were the early years of the war a critical time? In 1776, Americans declared their independence. But they were not yet free. The colonists had to defeat one of the world ’ s most powerful nations. Declaration of Independence

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. What happened as the Continental Congress met in Philadelphia? commanded by Sir William Howe. Using Staten Island as a base, Howe launched a series of attacks on George Washington’s troops. A large British fleet landed in New York

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Washington expected an attack. But his troops were no match for the British. AmericansBritish 20,000 poorly trained volunteers No navy Little equipment; few supplies 34,000 professional soldiers Naval fleet; 10,000 sailors Well equipped; fully supplied

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In a series of battles and American retreats, the British drove Washington from New York, across New Jersey, and into Pennsylvania. Americans British

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Who was Nathan Hale? A spy on a dangerous mission to gather intelligence on the British, was caught and executed. It was later reported that his last words were, “I regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.” Hale became a symbol of American patriotism and defiance against British oppression.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Losing New York and New Jersey hurt the spirits of the Americans, and many soldiers deserted. How was morale boosted? Thomas Paine wrote another pamphlet, The Crisis, urging Americans to fight for their cause.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. How did Washington surprise the British? On Christmas night, Washington crossed the Delaware, into New Jersey defeating British troops in two key battles. Battle of Trenton Battle of Princeton

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Another American victory soon followed. The British planned to push toward Albany from three directions. British Albany, New York New England They hoped to cut New England off from the rest of the colonies. British

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The first two forces ran into difficulties elsewhere and did not arrive. The third, coming from Canada, was led by British general John Burgoyne. Americans led by General Horatio Gates surrounded Burgoyne ’ s troops at Saratoga, New York. After suffering heavy losses, Burgoyne surrendered.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Revolutionary War, 1775–1777

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Battle of Saratoga How was the Battle of Saratoga a turning point for the Americans? Ended British threat to New England Lifted Patriot spirits Convinced Europeans Americans could win

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Soon after Saratoga, France agreed to support American independence. United States France forms an alliance with the Americans Eager to weaken Britain, France took the war to Europe, forcing the British to fight on many fronts.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. European volunteers from many nations made key contributions to the Patriot cause. France Marquis de Lafayette Officer in Washington ’ s army Poland Thaddeus Kosciusko Military engineer Casimir Pulaski Cavalry expert Friedrich von Steuben Germany Trained American Troops

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Despite Patriot advances, the winter of 1777–1778 was difficult. Washington and his troops faced terrible hardships in the harsh cold at Valley Forge. Many died because of the lack of warm clothing and food. Yet spring finally came, and the army slowly regained strength for the battles ahead.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. After unsuccessfully engaging the British in a battle to prevent the capture of Philadelphia, Washington led his twelve thousand Continental soldiers into winter quarters at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. Although no military engagements were fought at Valley Forge, during the winter of , the patriot soldiers waged an epic battle against deprivation, disease, and discouragement. Washington’s ill-fed, ill-equipped army, exhausted from long marches, worked in six-inch-deep snow to build log huts and defenses. Undernourished, inadequately clothed, and living in crowded, damp quarters, the men fell sick, with disease killing as many as 2,000. Although Washington petitioned Congress for relief, the fledgling treasury was unable to provide it. Nevertheless, Washington, assisted by Prussian General von Steuben, created an effective, well-trained fighting force. By spring, the army had been transformed in its crucible of suffering. Buoyed by new supplies and troops and the French guarantee of military aid, the Continental army emerged strong, well-disciplined, and confident.

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.