Heterotopic Ossification: Basic-Science Principles and Clinical Correlates by Kavitha Ranganathan, Shawn Loder, Shailesh Agarwal, Victor W. Wong, Jonathan Forsberg, Thomas A. Davis, Stewart Wang, Aaron W. James, and Benjamin Levi J Bone Joint Surg Am Volume 97(13): July 1, 2015 ©2015 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
Histopathologic evidence of heterotopic ossification (hematoxylin and eosin). Kavitha Ranganathan et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2015;97: ©2015 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
The common locations of heterotopic ossification are indicated according to the mechanism of injury. Kavitha Ranganathan et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2015;97: ©2015 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.
Burn injury and the resulting hypoxic environment increase HIF-1α production, which leads to angiogenesis as a result of increased levels of VEGF. Angiogenesis is an important step in the process of bone formation. Kavitha Ranganathan et al. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2015;97: ©2015 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.