What do all living things need?

Energy! All living things need a constant flow of energy

Place these terms into the area on the pyramid where you feel they belong Primary Consumer Producer Top Consumer Secondary Consumer Plant Carnivore Herbivore

Producers The Food Pyramid Secondary Consumers Carnivores Top Consumers Primary Consumer Producer Top Consumer Secondary Consumer Plant Carnivore Herbivore Secondary Consumers Carnivores Primary Consumers Herbivores Decomposers Fungus & Bacteria Producers Plants

The Food Pyramid These are all plant products - Producers Milk comes from a cow – Primary consumer Tuna eat fish that eat smaller fish that feeds on plankton

Fill in table –(omit water/sugarless products) Breakfast Lunch Dinner Trophic Level Food Beverage

In groups of 4, construct and label a 4 level pyramid : Producer – Plants Primary Consumer – Herbivore Secondary Consumer – Carnivore Top Consumer

Each group member will write his/her list on the group pyramid with a different colored marker. Insert a color key that lists each member and corresponding color.

Where on the Food Pyramid did most of your food end up? In the producers that make Carbohydrates

From where did the producers get their energy? From the SUN!!!

By what process do the producers capture solar energy & convert it into a usable form for all living things?

Chapter 4: Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Let's Get into This song

Energy produced by the produces (with the energy from the sun) is transferred from one organism to the next. Sun Producers Primary Secondary Consumers Consumers

Photosynthesis Process by which green plants or organism with chlorophyll, convert light energy into the chemical energy in the bonds of carbohydrates

Autotrophic – Heterotrophic – Can transfer energy to produce food – can make their own food Plants, some bacteria & some protists Heterotrophic – Must obtain energy from preformed food – must eat food Fungus, all animals, some bacteria & protists

What is needed for autotrophs to photosynthesize? Carbon dioxide (atmospheric) Water (in the soil or air) Sunlight (or artificial light source) Chlorophyll (present in leaves and sometimes stems)

General formula for Photosynthesis

This process actually occurs in 80 chemical reactions

Where does Photosynthesis take place in a leaf? Chloroplasts are small oval structures containing the green pigment chlorophyll

What does a chloroplast look like? Chloroplasts are oval structures consisting of stacked grana (photosynthetic membranes) and a liquid called stroma. Chlorophyll is found in the stacked grana Grana

Grana (contain chlorophyll) Photosynthesis occurs in 2 major steps Chloroplast Light Reaction occurs in the... Grana (contain chlorophyll) Calvin Cycle occurs in the... Stroma

Step 1 – The Light Reaction occurs only in the presence of light. Occurs in the grana (stacks) of the chloroplasts Light is used to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen and to move electrons through the membranes of the grana to produce ATP

Membraneof the Grana Occurs in Stroma

Step 2. Calvin Cycle (light independent reaction)– can occur in light or darkness. Follows light reaction Occurs in the stroma of the chloroplasts Also known as Carbon fixation because CO2 will get “fixed up” with the ATP energy from the light reaction (and hydrogens also from the Light Reaction) to produce Glucose

Membraneof the Grana Occurs in Stroma

The Steps in Photosynthesis THE LIGHT REACTION  1) The light energy strikes the leaf, passes into the leaf and hits a chloroplast inside an individual cell.  2) The light energy, upon entering the chloroplasts, is captured by the chlorophyll inside a grana.  3) Inside the grana some of the energy is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen.  4) The oxygen is released into the air.

The Calvin Cycle  5) The hydrogen is taken to the stroma along with the ATP energy from the Light Reaction.  6) Carbon dioxide enters the leaf and passes into the chloroplast.  7) In the stroma, the remaining light energy is used to combine hydrogen and carbon dioxide to make carbohydrates. This occurs during the Calvin Cycle  8) The energy-­rich carbohydrates are carried to the plant's cells.  9) The energy-­rich carbohydrates are used by the cells to drive the plant's life processes.

Look at the diagram of photosynthesis from the previous slide Look at the diagram of photosynthesis from the previous slide. What are the names of the two reactions that are occurring in the chloroplasts Describe what reactants are going in and what products are going out.

Summary

Great Summary of Photosynthesis & Respiraton Animation Another good one

What goes into the next stage? REACTION TYPE What goes into it? What comes out of it? (What is produced?) Does it need light? Does it need the dark? What gets split? What goes into the next stage? Light Reaction Calvin Cycle H2O ATP Yes Water Oxygen No Sunlight Hydrogen No No CO2 and Hydrogens (from the light reaction) Glucose Nothing The Glucose will be used for energy for the cell Nicholl

PHOTOSYNTHESIS REVIEW What is the definition of Photosynthesis? What are the reactants for Photosynthesis? 3. What are the products? 4. What happens during the light reaction of Photosynthesis? 5. What is made during the Calvin Cycle? 6. In what structure is chlorophyll found within a chloroplast?

PHOTOSYNTHESIS REVIEW What occurs in the stroma of a chloroplast? Does the light reaction have to occur in the light? Does the dark reaction have to occur in the dark? 10. Why is glucose so valuable to all living things? 11. Why are plants known as autotrophs (or “producers”)? 12. If you eat a hamburger for dinner, how is it that you are eating energy that was made by plants? Plants store energy in many ways. For example, a carrot is the root part of a plant that stores lots of energy (that’s why carrots are SO good for you!!). 14. Name 3 other parts of a plant that store high energy?