Introduction & Orientation to the Human Body

Anatomy  Field of study that describes the structure, location, and relationships of body parts.

Branches of Anatomy  Gross Anatomy- Study of body structures that are visible without a microscope.  Regional Anatomy- Focuses on specific area of the body, such as the head, neck, or trunk.  Microanatomy- Examines structures on a microscopic level.  Histology- Microanatomy that studies tissues.

Physiology  The study of the mechanisms that enable the body to function.  Study of functions of the human body.

Levels of Organization  Chemical Level- Simplest (O,H,C,K).  Cellular Level- Combination of molecules (cell) basic unit of structure and function.  Tissue Level- Combination of cells that perform a function. (Four types exist in the human body)  Organ Level- Two or more types of tissues combined to perform a general function(heart,liver)  System Level- Two or more organs and associated structures that perform a more general function.  Complete Organism- Composed of many systems dependant on each other to perform their function.

Body Regions  1. Cephalic or Head  2. Cervical or Neck

Body Regions  Trunk  1. Thorax  2. Abdomen  3. Pelvis

Directional Terminology  Superior: Towards the head end or upper portion of the body.  Inferior: Towards the bottom portion of the body.  Ventral: The front of the body.  Dorsal: The back of the body.  Medial: Toward the middle or center of the body  Lateral: Away from the center of the body.

Directions Cont….  Cephalad: The head.  Caudal: The tail (lower spine coccyx vertebrae).  Proximal: Toward the base(trunk) of the body.  Distal: Away from the base (trunk) of the body.  Superficial: The surface of the body.  Deep: The inside of the body.

Body Cavities  Dorsal Cavity- Is located on the posterior or back side and contains the cranial and vertebral cavities. Dorsal Cavity- Dorsal Cavity-  Cranial cavity the space that contains the brain and vertebral (spinal) cavity (spinal cord).

Body Cavities  Ventral- Anterior or front side, contains the thoracic and abdominal- pelvic cavity. Ventral-  Thoracic- Divided into 3 smaller cavities. Thoracic- Thoracic-  Pleural- two cavities which enclose the lungs.  Pericardial- small space between the two membranes around the heart.  Mediastinum- contains, trachea, esophagus, vessels.

Body Cavities  Abdominal-pelvic: Contains the peritoneal cavity which is divided into two separate cavities, the Abdominal and Pelvic. Abdominal-pelvic: Abdominal-pelvic:  Abdominal- contains the stomach, small intestines, liver, and most of the large intestines.  Pelvic- contains the urinary bladder, the rest of the large intestines, internal reproductive organs.  Diaphragm- Flat muscular sheet that separates the thoracic and abdominal- pelvic cavities.

Body Cavities

Body Planes  Sagittal: Extends parallel to the long axis of the body and divides the body into right and left portions. Sagittal: Sagittal:  Frontal/Coronal: Extends parallel to axis but divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) planes. Frontal/Coronal: Frontal/Coronal:  Transverse/Horizontal: Extends perpendicular to the sagittal and frontal planes. Transverse/Horizontal: Transverse/Horizontal:

Abdomino-pelvic Quadrants  Right Upper  Right Lower  Left Upper  Left Lower

Regions

Anatomical Landmarks (QUIZ)  Frontal  Orbital  Buccal  Cervical  Abdominal  Pelvic  Inguinal  Femoral  Pedal  Olecranal  Patellar  Digital  Antebrachial  Brachial  Axillary  Acromial  Popliteal  Sural  Calcaneal  Plantar