Emotion Emotion – basic components:

4Theories of Emotion James-Lange Theory Cannon-Bard Theory Two-Factor Theory Opponent-Process Theory

James-Lange Theory Emotions are experienced in the following sequence: an emotional stimulus is presented, causing one to experience Different emotions have physiological differences Examples:

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion The emotional stimulus triggers both physiological change and cognitive awareness Emotional stimulus is simultaneously routed to Example: How can that be true if similar physiological changes correspond with drastically different emotional states. According to the Cannon-Bard theory, the body's arousal is related to the sympathetic nervous system in the same way that subjective awareness of emotion is related to the cortex Experience of emotion occurs simultaneously with physiological arousal. The idea that an emotion-arousing stimulus is simultaneously routed to the cortex and to the sympathetic nervous system is central to the Cannon-Bard Theory When someone is angry, their respiration, heart rate, and sweating increase. The same responses are also seen when someone is afraid. Walter Cannon suggested that such findings brought the James Lange Theory into question.

Two-Factor Theory of Emotion AKA Schachter-Singer Theory Experience of emotion depends on two factors: The label people give an emotion depends on what they find in their environment. Arousal without a label is not an emotion Example: Cognitive Label “I’m Afraid” emotion results from the cognitive labeling of our physiological arousal Feel happier when you smile = emotion comes from physiological experience – when you smile and the cognitive label you give it (I’m Happy) To experience emotion, must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal— The emotional experience, requires a conscious interpretation of the arousal Have students relate a time when they felt the same type of physical feeling for different emotions what emotions have similar physical bases Have you ever tried to convince yourself that you were feeling a different emotion? How did you do it? Were you effective? The two-factor theory of emotion places more emphasis on the importance of cognition han does the James-Lange theory. 2 basic components cognition and physical arousal Theory has difficulty explaining why person automatically fears snakes even though he thinks they are attractive and harmless. Noticing that his heart was pounding and that his palms were sweaty while he was taking a difficult test, Harley concluded that he was “anxious.” Noticing that his heart was pounding and that his palms were sweaty when an attractive lady asked him to dance, Harley concluded that he was “falling in love.” The differing emotions experienced by Harley can best be explained by the 2 Factor Theory A therapist tells a patient who is afraid of elevators that his rapid breathing while on an elevator is not due to fear but is a natural consequence of too little oxygen in a small, enclosed space. With this new interpretation of his arousal, the patient no longer dreads elevators. The reduction in the patient's fear is best understood in terms of the 2 factor theory When students perceive the arousal that accompanies test-taking as energizing rather than debilitating, they experience much less anxiety. Vaseem experienced excessive fear while flying because he interpreted his rapid heart rate, shallow breathing, and heavy perspiration as a reaction to the imminent danger of a plane crash. When his psychotherapist convinced him that this physical arousal was simply a harmless reaction to acceleration, cabin pressure, and confined space, his fear of flying was greatly reduced. In 1962 Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer conducted classic research identifying a cognitive process in emotional response. In their experiment, subjects received injections of either epinepnrine, an arousing drug, or an inert saline solutions. Subjects were then taken to a room where a confederate acted either extremely angry or euphoric. Subjects were observed and later asked to describe their emotional state. Results indicated that subjects who were aroused by the drug but unaware of its effects were most likely to adopt the emotional label of their angry or euphoric companionss, and to behave likewise.

Spill Over Effect Spill over effect- emotional arousal from one event spills over into our response of the next event Supports Example: Spillover effect – stirred up state can be experienced as one emotion or another very different one, depending on how we interpret and label it Ex. After exercise, or sexual arousal, will misattribute an insult as responsible for their arousal. Arousal from a soccer event can fuel anger which can turn into a riot. Schachter Singer experiment – injected with epinephrine, put subjects with another person who was acting euphoric or irritated – caught the emotion of the other person Astrid was emotionally aroused by a TV horror movie. She became extremely angry when her younger brother momentarily blocked her view of the screen. When her movie viewing was interrupted by a phone call from her boyfriend, however, she experienced unusually intense romantic feelings. Astrid's different emotional reactions to her brother and her boyfriend are best explained by the 2 Factor theory Bradley was romantically interested in Angel. Based on research by Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer, if Bradley wishes to increase the odds that she will return his interest, he should take her rock climing Lee was momentarily terrified as a passing automobile nearly sideswiped his car. When one of his passengers joked that he almost had a two-color car, Lee laughed uncontrollably. Lee's emotional volatility best illustrates the. After being physically aroused by his daily three-mile run, Martin finds that he experiences stronger resentment if his wife asks for an unexpected favor and more intense romantic feelings if she kisses him. Martin's experience can best be explained by the 2 factor theory

Theories of emotions

Opponent Process Theory Richard Solomon Every emotion triggers an opposing emotion Happiness/ /Relief Pleasure/ /Hate Emotions disrupt …opposing emotion enables a return to homeostasis Example:

Theories of Emotion Practice Paul encounters a growling wild animal, and feels a faster heartbeat, widening eyes, and a physical urge to flee. Monica is smiling and laughing and wants to hug Mrs. Joseph because she just received a 5 on her AP Psych Exam. Zak just received a 1 on his AP Psych Exam (because he has Mr. Jeter…just kidding Mr. Jeter) and feels a pounding in his chest, perspiration runs down his face and he has an urge to hit someone. Use each of the theories of emotion to explain Paul, Monica and Zak’s emotions

Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic nervous system – regulates physiological arousal of emotion Sympathetic nervous system Arousing Parasympathetic nervous system Moderate arousal is ideal Higher on well-learned tasks

Emotions and the Autonomic Nervous System

Brain Differences and Emotion Brain activity is different depending on emotion - consistent with James-Lange Theory Amygdala – Thalamus/ Right Hemisphere – Right prefrontal cortex/frontal lobe – Left prefrontal cortex/Frontal lobe - Nucleus accumbens – Anterior Singulate Cortex -

Cognition and Emotion Some emotions occur without cognition, Go directly from thalamus to = fast/ automatic emotional response

Physiological Differences Polygraph – supports Used to detect Measures Problems Guilty Knowledge Test – Error about 1/3 of the time – more likely to declare innocent guilty than guilty innocent measure the changes in breathing, cardiovascular activity, and perspiration that are thought to accompany specific emotions – supports Cannon Bard Theory (emotions and physiological responses occur at same time)

Injecting a person with an excitatory chemical that activates the sympathetic nervous system is likely to increase his or her subjective experience of intense fear and anxiety. Use one of the major theories of emotion to account for the effects of this chemical on a person's emotional state. Which theory of emotion would have the greatest difficulty explaining these effects? Why?

Cognition and Emotion Sometimes emotions (Zajonc) Develop emotional preference for stimuli to which have been unknowingly exposed . Some emotions occur without cognition, (LeDoux).Go directly from to = fast/ automatic emotional response Ex. Jump at rustling bushes in the forest (fear most likely precedes conscious thinking) Emotions arise when

Injecting a person with an excitatory chemical that activates the sympathetic nervous system is likely to increase his or her subjective experience of intense fear and anxiety. Use one of the major theories of emotion to account for the effects of this chemical on a person's emotional state. Which theory of emotion would have the greatest difficulty explaining these effects? Why?

Detecting Emotion Nonverbal cues better than

Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior better than Detecting emotions Empathy Emotional responsiveness Facial expressions of emotion Exception:

Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal Behavior

Culture and Emotional Expression Similarities: Eckman’s research - display and interpret facial expressions – Differences Individualistic countries – Display rules (Eckman) – Gestures

Levels of Analysis for the Study of Emotion

The Effects of Facial Expressions Facial feedback – effect of facial expressions on emotion Example: Behavior Feedback Theory – effect of your behavior on emotions

A newspaper advice columnist suggests that thinking can be controlled and changed but that emotions are gut-level, biological reactions that can't be controlled or modified. Use your knowledge of emotion research and theory to either support or refute the columnist's claim.

Basic Emotions 10 Basic Emotions at birth(Izard) Other’s are combo of the 10 basic

Fear Adaptive value of fear Learned The biology of fear Phobias – Conditioning – Observational Learning The biology of fear Fear = Gene Twin studies Phobias –

A motivational speaker claims “Fear is a learned response A motivational speaker claims “Fear is a learned response! Babies are not born with fears; they learn fears, which means fear can be unlearned!” Use your knowledge of the relationships between conditioning and the biology of fear to critique the motivational speaker's claims.

Anger Anger Evoked by events – actions are Catharsis – emotional release Catharsis hypothesis – Directed against Target not Example: Punching a pillow Expressing anger can increase anger Handling anger Wait until physiological arousal i Express grievance in ways that promote

Lisa is furious because her steady boyfriend (Thomas) spent half an hour talking with his former girlfriend at last night's school dance. A friend suggests that Lisa ought to get the anger out of her system by repeatedly pounding her pillow while she imagines that she is hitting her boyfriend. Explain why this might be an ineffective way for Lisa to reduce her anger. Suggest better ways.

Happiness Happiness Well-being – happiness/satisfaction with life Example: Feel-good, do-good phenomenon – people are more helpful when in a good mood. Example :

Happiness The Short Life of Emotional Ups and Downs Watson’s studies

Happiness Wealth and Well-Being Diminishing Returns Phenomenon

Happiness Wealth and Well-Being

Happiness Happiness and Prior Experience Adaptation-level phenomenon - tendency people have to quickly adapt to a new situation, until that situation becomes the norm. Example – Happiness and others’ attainments Relative deprivation – tendency for our personal happiness to be heavily influenced by others’ attainment Example -

Happiness Predictors of Happiness

Jim, a 42-year-old engineer, is unhappy about his yearly salary, although it is the highest salary he has ever earned. His wife, Carla, suggests that he vividly recall how little he earned at the age of 32. She also recommends that he watch a TV program about famine victims in Africa. Use your understanding of psychological principles to explain why Carla's suggestions might help to increase Jim's feelings of economic satisfaction.

Stress and Health Health psychology - subfield of psychology that contributes to the prevention and treatment of illness Example: Behavioral medicine - interdisciplinary field that integrates and applies behavioral and medical knowledge to health and disease

Stress and Illness Stress - process by which we perceive and respond to environmental threats and challenges. Stressor – event or situation that causes stress Stress reactions – physiological arousal, emotional responses Stress appraisal - stress arises less from events than how we appraise them Stress arises less from event than from how we appraise them Stress reaction – physical and emotional responses Stress – process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threats and challenges – less from events than how we appraise them Walter Cannon perceived the stress response to be highly adaptive because it prepared the organism for fight or flight When short lived or when perceived as challenges, stressors can have positive effects – can mobilize immune system for fending off infections and healing wounds. Arouses and motivates us to conquer problems. Severe or prolonged stress may harm us – child abuse at risk for chronic disease Women – more likely to tend and befriend Cannon – confirmed that the stress response is part of a unified mind-body system -extreme cold, lack of oxygen and emotion-arousing incidents all trigger stress hormone epinephrine and norepinephrine - sympathetic nervous system adaptive response Additional stress response system has been identified – adrenal glands secrete gluocorticoid stress hormones such as cortisol --2 stress hormones work at different speeds: fight or flight – epinepherine released withdraw , conserve energy, paralize with fear (men more than women socially withdraw – alcohol, bcm aggressive) tend and befriend – seek and give support – oxytocin stress moderating hormone is released (women more than men)

Stress and Illness Stress Reactions Mobilizes Motivates Prolonged = Activation of sympathetic nervous system Fight or flight (Cannon) - Adrenal glands secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine into blood steam Tend and befriend (women) Telomers – bits of DNA at the end at the end of chromosomes

Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome Describes our response to a stressful event. Three stages A R E

General Adaptation Syndrome

Stressful Life Events Significant Life Changes Catastrophes Social readjustment rating scale (SRRS) Life Changing Units (LCUs)- The more LCUs you have the higher your score is on the SRRS. Those who score higher are more likely to have stress related disease. Catastrophes Natural disasters, 9/ll – Daily hassles

Stress and the Heart Coronary heart disease – closing of vessels that nourish the heart Type A versus Type B (Friedman and Rosenman) Type A – Type B –

Stress and Susceptibility to Disease Psychophysiological illnesses – stress related physical illness Examples – Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) – how psych, neural and endocrine system affect immune system Lymphocytes – 2 types of white blood cells B lymphocytes – T lymphocytes – Macrophage – Natural Killer (NK cells) -

Stress and Disease Arthritis – AIDS – stress can Cancer – doesn’t create

What advice would a health psychologist give to a student about the stress of an AP exam? What are the potential benefits of this stressor, and what are the possible disadvantages of long-term stress?