Chapter 3 Atmospheric Energy and Global Temperatures Elemental Geosystems 4e Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen

Atmospheric Energy and Global Temperatures Energy Essentials   Energy at Earth’s Surface   Temperature Concepts and Controls   Earth’s Temperature Patterns  The Urban Environment

Energy Essentials Energy Pathways and Principles Shortwave energy in from the Sun Longwave energy out from Earth

Insolation Figure 3.2

Energy Pathways Figure 3.1

Energy Pathways Transmission Scattering Refraction Albedo and Reflection

Refraction Figure 3.4

Refraction Figure 3.3

Albedo and Reflection Figure 3.5

Clouds and Albedo Figure 3.6

Heat Transfer Conduction Convection Advection Radiation Molecule-to-molecule transfer Convection Energy transferred by movement Advection Horizontally dominant movement Radiation Energy traveling through air or space

Heat Transfer Figure 3.7

Energy Balance in the Troposphere The Greenhouse Effect and Atmospheric Warming   Clouds and Earth’s “Greenhouse”   Earth–Atmosphere Radiation Balance  

The Greenhouse Effect and Atmospheric Warming Atmosphere absorbs heat energy A real greenhouse traps heat inside Atmosphere delays transfer of heat from Earth into space

Clouds and Earth’s “Greenhouse” Figure 3.8

Outgoing Shortwave Energy Figure 3.9

Outgoing Longwave Energy Figure 3.9

Earth–Atmosphere Radiation Budget Figure 3.10

Energy Balance at Earth’s Surface Daily Radiation Patterns   Simplified Surface Energy Balance   The Urban Environment

Daily Radiation Patterns Figure 3.12

Simplified Surface Energy Balance NET R = + SW (insolation) – SW (reflection) + LW (infrared) – LW (infrared) Figure 3.13

Temperature Concepts and Controls Temperature Scales Measuring Temperature  Principal Temperature Controls   Land–Water Heating Differences

Temperature Scales    Fahrenheit Celsius Kelvin 

Temperature Scales Figure 3.15

Principal Temperature Controls Latitude   Affects insolation Altitude   High altitude has greater daily range High altitude has lower annual average Cloud Cover   High albedo Moderate temperatures – cooler days, warmer nights

Effects of Latitude Figure 3.17

Altitude Figure 3.18

Land–Water Heating Differences Evaporation Transparency Specific heat Movement Ocean currents and sea surface temperatures Marine vs. continental effects

Land–Water Heating Differences Figure 3.20

The Gulf Stream Figure 3.21

Marine and Continental Climates Figure 3.23

Marine and Continental Climates Figure 3.25

Earth’s Temperature Patterns January Temperature Map   Thermal equator movement southward More movement over large continents July Temperature Map   Thermal equator movement northward Annual Range of Temperatures Continentality

January Temperatures Figure 3.24

July Temperatures Figure 3.26

Global Temperature Ranges Figure 3.28

The Urban Environment Figure 3.29

Urban Heat Island Figure 3.30

Air Temperature and the Human Body Wind chill Correlates cold and wind speed Heat index Correlates heat and humidity

Wind Chill Table Figure 1

Heat Index Table Figure 2

Elemental Geosystems 4e End of Chapter 3 Elemental Geosystems 4e Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen