What is a sedimentary rock? Sedimentary rocks are formed from the compaction and cementation of sediment. The processes of weathering and erosion break down rocks to produce inorganic sediment (pieces of preexisting rocks). These rock fragments can become a sedimentary rock if sufficient burial and compaction of the sediment occurs. All sedimentary rocks are made from pieces of other rocks. My own picture of Grand Canyon

How does sediment become a sedimentary rock? After being transported, sediment becomes sedimentary rock through one (or more) of the following processes: Compression Cementation Chemical Processes Biological Processes *The scientific term for sedimentary rock formation is lithification. My own picture from Grand Canyon

Rock Formation by Compression or Compaction Most sediment is deposited in basins (areas of lower elevation), so it is very common for it to get buried below other sediment. This puts tremendous amounts of pressure on the buried rock fragments. Over time the sediment may be exposed to compression (squeezing) due to pressure of overlaying sediment or water. If sufficient pressure is applied to the sediment, it can form a sedimentary rock. This will often form even layers of rock. An example of a rock formed by compression is sandstone. How does sandstone differ from siltstone? Answer: Sandstone has a larger grain size than siltstone. Top my own picture from Bryce Canyon National Park, UT Bottom my own picture from Sequoia National Park, CA

Rock Formation by Cementation Some minerals that dissolve in water can eventually become cementing agents in a process called cementation. You can think of these minerals as glue (or filler) that holds the sediment together. Cementation occurs when sediments are combined with mineral cements that precipitate out of solution (in ground water) and “glue” clasts of rock together. The cementing agent will often determine the color of the rock. The processes of compression and cementation often work together to form a sedimentary rock. Using the symbol for conglomerate, explain why it is a good example of a cemented sedimentary rock. Answer: Large fragments “glued” together by smaller fragments My own picture from Minnewaska State Park, NY

Rock Formation by Chemical Processes Some sediment is created through chemical weathering (minerals are dissolved in water). This type of solution is common in sea water. Evaporation of water often causes the mineral precipitation that results in a chemically formed sedimentary rock. When water evaporates the soluble materials are left behind as chemical deposits. The rocks that form from this process are called evaporites. If an evaporite is made of only one type of mineral, it is referred to as a monomineralic rock. What are 3 examples of evaporite rocks? Answer: Rock salt, rock gypsum, dolostone Left picture my own at the Great Salt Lake (Utah)

Rock Formation by Biologic Processes The terms biologic and organic refer to living things. Therefore, rocks formed from biologic processes must involve things that were once living. Organic sediments are the remains of any living thing (plants or animals). These sediments form bioclastic sedimentary rocks. The most common examples of bioclastic rocks are limestone and coal. Briefly describe how these two sedimentary rocks are formed. (See p. 7 of your ESRT). - Answer: Limestone – cemented shell fragments; Coal – compacted plant remains

How are sedimentary rocks classified? Sedimentary rocks are classified as clastic (fragmental), chemical (crystalline), or organic (bioclastic) depending on how they were formed. Clastic sedimentary rocks are classified on the basis of grain size. Organic or chemically formed sedimentary rocks are identified through composition and texture.

Fossils and Sedimentary Rocks **Fossils are found exclusively in sedimentary rocks. * Give one reason why you would not expect to find fossils in igneous rocks Answer: Igneous rocks are melted so fossils would melt as well Top picture my own from Dinosaur Ridge, CO Bottom picture my own from Sterling Hill Mine, NJ