Daily Warm-Up Exercises Day 11 (Day 10 = Quiz 1) Imagine a piece of sandstone buried 10 feet deep and another piece of sandstone buried 10 miles deep. Would the pressure acting on them be the same or different? Explain. The pressure on the deeper rock would be much greater. Beneath Earth’s surface, both heat and pressure get more and more extreme the deeper you go. What is pressure? when something is squeezing or pushing on something else Why does pressure increase with depth? The pressure is caused by the weight of everything above you. The deeper you go, the more there is above you. Daily Warm-Up Exercises 1 Daily Warm-Up Exercises 1

Compare Rock Formation, Part 2 Contrasting Case Activity 3 Earth History, Investigation 4 This is a continuation of contrasting case activity 2. In part 1, students compared the formation of two igneous and two metamorphic rocks. On Day 9, they will compare the formation of two sedimentary rocks. On Day 10, they will use all three comparison tables to investigate and depict the rock cycle. Materials needed: •rock samples 5 & 6 •hand lenses •sedimentary description cards (worksheet 10) •sedimentary comparison table (worksheet 13) Compare Rock Formation, Part 2 Compare Rock Formation, Part 2

Compare Rock Formation, Part 2 Do you remember… …how igneous rocks form? An igneous rock forms when molten rock cools and hardens. granite obsidian …how metamorphic rocks form? A metamorphic rock forms when an existing rock changes due to heat and/or pressure. slate schist Students should remember about igneous and metamorphic rock formation from part 1. Compare Rock Formation, Part 2 Compare Rock Formation, Part 2

Do you remember… …how sedimentary rocks form? shale A sedimentary rock forms when particles get compacted and cemented together. sandstone Students may remember about sedimentary rocks from the Compare Rock Types activity, but that was awhile ago, so you may need to give them some hints. Before displaying the brown box, ask about the word sedimentary. Students may have heard of sediments, although they may not know exactly what they are. Sediments are particles that settle and pile up over time. Settle means come to rest. If you stir sugar into iced tea, the sugar that doesn’t dissolve will gradually settle at the bottom of the glass. The word sedimentary comes from a Latin word that means “settled,” and most sedimentary rocks are settled rocks. Sedimentary means settled. Compare Rock Formation, Part 2 4 Compare Rock Formation, Part 2 4

Compare Rock Formation, Part 2 Which is Which? Sedimentary Rock 1 – This rock forms when grains of sand get compacted and cemented together. When a river carrying sand meets a lake, the water slows, and the sand settles and piles up. Over time, new layers form on top of old layers, squeezing and compacting the sand in the bottom layers. A chemical called a cementing agent helps hold the grains of sand together. Because the remains of plants and animals often settle along with grains of sand, this rock often contains fossils. Its color depends on the minerals that make up the sand. A lot of sand is mostly quartz, which is clear or white. But some sand is black or gray because it contains a lot of volcanic rock crystals. Sedimentary Rock 2 – This rock forms when the shells of sea creatures get compacted and cemented together. When these organisms die, their shells settle and pile up. Over time, new layers form on top of old layers, squeezing and compacting the pieces in the bottom layers. Shells are made of calcium carbonate, which acts as a cementing agent that helps hold the pieces together. Because it is made from shell pieces, this rock often contains fossils. Calcium carbonate is white, but this rock usually contains sand and mud particles as well, so it is often tan. 6 – sandstone Look at rocks 5 & 6. Can you figure out which rock goes with which description? 5 – limestone Distribute the sedimentary case descriptions. Before displaying the first question, read through the case descriptions with your students, stopping to review familiar terms and introduce new vocabulary words: Review: formation [how something is made or comes to be] grains [the pieces or bits that make up a rock] pressure [when something is squeezing or pushing on something else; the pressure on a rock underground is caused by the weight of all the rock above it] compacted [squeezed or pressed together so it takes up less space] cemented [glued or stuck together] New: What does SETTLE mean? [to come to rest; sink to the bottom] What is a CEMENTING AGENT? [a chemical that glues stuff together] What are MARINE ORGANISMS? [ORGANISMS are living things; marine organisms are things that live in the ocean] Distribute the hand lenses and rock samples 5 & 6. Have students work in groups, then share ideas with the class. Students may recognize rock 6 as sandstone, since they identified that sample as the parent rock for quartzite in part 1. Tell them rock 5 is limestone, and have them record the numbers and names on their case descriptions. Do you remember what rock 6 is called? Compare Rock Formation, Part 2 Compare Rock Formation, Part 2

Compare Sedimentary Cases Question Same Different How does the rock form? Sandstone – Limestone – What features result from this process? case 1 = sandstone (6) Use this column for information that is true about both rocks. Use this column for information that is true about one but not the other. case 2 = limestone (5) Fill in the table by entering information from the paragraphs to answer each question. Distribute the sedimentary comparison table. Ask students to define the word process in the second question. [a series of events or actions that produce an outcome] Students are to complete this table just like they did for igneous and metamorphic rocks in part 1. The next slide shows the completed table. Compare Rock Formation, Part 2 Compare Rock Formation, Part 2

Sedimentary Rock Formation Question Same Different How does the rock form? Sandstone – Limestone – What features result from this process? the particles are grains of sand Particles settle in layers that build up over time. New layers press down on older layers, compacting the particles together. A cementing agent helps hold the particles together. the particles are pieces of shell from dead marine organisms quartz is clear; volcanic rock crystals are gray or black Sedimentary rocks often contain fossils. Color depends on what it contains. Answers will appear individually on keypress. calcium carbonate is white, but sand & mud can make it tan Compare Rock Formation, Part 2 Compare Rock Formation, Part 2

Sedimentary Conclusions Based on your table for sedimentary rocks, how do sedimentary rocks form? Sedimentary rocks form when particles settle in layers that build up over time. New layers press down on older layers, compacting the particles together. A cementing agent helps hold the particles together. What properties result from this process? The next slide has pictures of different kinds of fossils. Sedimentary rocks often contain fossils. Color depends on what the rock contains. Compare Rock Formation, Part 2 Compare Rock Formation, Part 2

Compare Rock Formation, Part 2 Fossils Dawn Redwood Leaves Trilobite Fish [These pictures are also available in the CaSE Student Resource Book, pages 32 & 33.] The top three examples are body fossils, which are the preserved remains of organisms. The bottom two are trace fossils, which are the preserved impressions an organism made on its environment. Body fossils tell us about an organism itself.Trace fossils tell us about an organism’s behavior. Additional information: Dawn Redwood -- a cone-bearing tree that lived about 30 million years ago Trilobite -- a hard-shelled marine organism that lived about 550 million years ago; there were thousands of different kinds of trilobites Fish -- this type of fish lived about 140 million years ago Worm Trail -- trace left by a worm crawling in mud Dinosaur -- trace left by a dinosaur near a tropical seashore, between 112 and 100 million years ago Dinosaur Footprints Worm Trail Compare Rock Formation, Part 2 Compare Rock Formation, Part 2