THE ASIAN SUB-CONTINENT Holy Mountain and Sacred Womb Module 1 Architectural History 1

Indus Valley Civilizations: 6000 BC Over 100 sites discovered in 1920s Major Cities: –Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro Grids of criss-crossing streets, Walled and towered citadel on a platform mud brick Assembly hall, granaries and baths No temples or tombs found Script not yet deciphered Module 1 Architectural History 2

“Great Baths”, Mohenjo-Daro Module 1 Architectural History 4

Borobodur Temple, Java Borobodur Temple, Java Module 1 Architectural History 5

Hoysalesvara Temple Halebid, Mysore India 14 th century Module 1 Architectural History 6

Hoysalesvara Temple Halebid, Mysore India 14 th century Module 1 Architectural History 7

Buddha figures, Gal Vihara, Polonnaruwa, Sri Lanka Module 1 Architectural History 8

Great Stupa, Sanchi, India 1 st century AC Module 1 Architectural History 9

Swayambhunath Stupa, Kathmandu Valley, Nepal 400 AD Module 1 Architectural History 10

Rock-cut chaitya hall, Karli, Deccan, India 78 BC Module 1 Architectural History 11

Rock-cut chaitya hall, Karli, Deccan, India Rock-cut chaitya hall, Karli, Deccan, India Module 1 Architectural History 12

Kailasa Temple Ellora, India 750 – 950 AD Module 1 Architectural History 13 Cut out of the hillside

Rathas, Mahabalipuram Madras India 7 th - 8 th centuries Module 1 Architectural History 14 Cut from single blocks of granite

Break-time 15 Next: The Asian Sub-Continent The history of architecture is also a history of the relationship between architects and patrons

CHINA AND JAPAN Puzzles and Modules Module 1 Architectural History 16

Pottery Model of House+Granary These tomb models give an idea of early Chinese wooden architecture Module 1 Architectural History 17

Ise Shrine, Japan To the sun-goddess of the pantheistic Shinto religion Module 1 Architectural History 18

Himeji Castle, “the white heron” Hyogo Prefecture, Japan 1570AD Module 1 Architectural History 19

Himeji Castle, “the white heron” Hyogo Prefecture, Japan 1570AD Module 1 Architectural History 20

Ming Tomb Gates Triumphal arches used as city gates Module 1 Architectural History 21

Foguang Temple, Mt Wutai, Shanxi Province, China c.857 This shows the three basic elements of Chinese and Japanese buildings: a raised platform, a frame wall and a roof Module 1 Architectural History 22

Kuo-tung bracket cluster Extending the eaves without cluttering the interior with columns. Module 1 Architectural History 23

Kasuga Shrine Nara, Japan c.768 Module 1 Architectural History 24

Ayuwang Temple, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province China Altering the angle of the brackets made the undulating swags of Chinese roofs possible. Module 1 Architectural History 25

Songyue Temple Pagoda, Mount Song Henan Province, China 520 AD We can trace the evolution of the pagoda through three examples. The 12-sided Songyue Pagoda is the oldest surviving brick building in China 520 AD. It is very reminiscent of an Indian temple. Module 1 Architectural History 26 fig64

Kaiyuan Temple Pagoda, Dingxian, Hebei Province, China AD This lighthouse-like Song dynasty Enemy Observation Pagoda is a watchtower for the frontier between the Liao and Song territories. Module 1 Architectural History 27 fig65

Sakyamuni Pagoda, 1056 AD Yingxian, Shanxi province, An octagonal plan, wooden pagoda with an uneven number of floors. Pagodas were shrines attached to Buddhist monasteries with a giant image and hollow above. Module 1 Architectural History 28 fig66

Chinese cardinal directions The Indian sikhara had the mystical significance as a vertical axis round which the cosmos turned. The Chinese cosmic axis was horizontal. The 24 points of the compass had separate identities linked with colour, animal symbols and seasons; eg. Black stood for North, winter and night – evil comes out of the North Diviners were used to site a house, grave or town using Feng-shui. Module 1 Architectural History 29

Great Wall of China Emperor Ch’in Shih Huang connected all the walls used by feuding neighbouring clans against each other Module 1 Architectural History 30 fig67

Beijing In 1552, Ming emperors built a 15 km wall with 7 gates around the city. This gave the city its 4 walled enclosures. The Temple of Heaven was within the walls Module 1 Architectural History 31

Beijing’s Forbidden City You enter the Gate of Heavenly Peace Tian An Men into a square which is the courtyard to the Imperial City. Then you enter the Meridian Gate Module 1 Architectural History 32

Meridian Gate, Imperial City You cross the horseshoe canal by one of five bridges to the gate-house building guarded by great bronze dog-lions Module 1 Architectural History 33

Summer Palace The palace building is geometrical and formal; the garden is free... a miniature version of nature... mountains reduced to rocks, forests to plants Module 1 Architectural History 34

Phoenix Hall, 11 th century Byodon Temple, Uji, near Kyoto, Japan This was the highest architectural expression of the import of Chinese Buddhism in 1 st to 5 th century. Module 1 Architectural History 35

East Pagoda, Yakushi-ji Temple, Nara, Japan 680 AD Module 1 Architectural History 36

Horyu-ji Temple Nara, Japan AD Module 1 Architectural History 37

Golden Pavilion, Kinkaku-ji Kitayama Palace, Kyoto 1297 AD Module 1 Architectural History 38

Ritual of Blood Meso-America Aztec God-Quezalcoatl

Charles I of Spain Sixteenth Century 42

Montezuma II greets Hernando Cortez 43

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Temple-Pyramid I Tikal, Guatemala Two classical Meso-American architectural forms: the pyramid and the ball-court 45

Temple Pyramid I,c Tikal, Guatemala 46 A bloody sacrifice of human heart is offered to the god Huitzoilophochtli

Temple of Quetzalcoatl & Ballcourt Aztec Tenochitiltlan 47

Quetzalcoatl temple 48

Ball Court c Maya Site of Chichén Itzá, Yucatan, Mexico 49

50 Ball Court c Maya Site of Chichén Itzá, Yucatan, Mexico

Carved Stone Ring, Great Ball Court, Chichén Itzá, Mexico 51

Stone Lintel in Yaxchilan terraces of the Usumacinta River (ca. A.D ) and its well preserved temples Maya King named Shield Jaguar being armed for battle One of the 59 sculptured stone lintels from Yaxchilan, Mexico c

Tezontle A local volcanic red-dull pumice stone used so that the city foundation will not sink into the soft grounds in Mexico 53

Pyramid Temple of Santa Cecilia, c near Mexico City Unearthed in good condition by archeologist 54

Caracol Observatory, c Chichen Itza 55

Caracol Observatory, c Chichen Itza 56

Site Plan 57

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Originally supporting the roof of the Temple of Quetzalcoatl, Tula Mexico. C. 700 Warrior Columns with Butterfly Breastplates 60

Warrior Columns with Butterfly Breastplates 61

62 Warrior Columns with Butterfly Breastplates

Roof Comb, the Cresteria Temple of the Sun, c.700 Palenque, Mexico

Plan of the North Acropolis, c.100 BC- c.730AD Tikal, Guatemala 65

Turtle House, c Uxmal, Yucatan Mexico 66

Palace of the Governor c Uxmal,Yucatan, Mexico 67

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El Castillo, Chichen Itza c Mexico 69

Pyramid of the Niches El Tajin, c Mexico 70

Machu Picchu, c.1500 Peru 71

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77 Library References 1. A History of Architecture, Spiro Kostof, Oxford University Press (slides 5, 14, 16, 18, 20, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 31) 2. Architecture from Prehistory to Post-Modernism, Marvin Trachtenburg & Isabelle Hyman, Prentice-Hall, Inc. (slides 10, 12, 13) 3. Architecture, the Natural and the Manmade, Vincent Scully, St. Martin’s Press (slides 1, 5, 15, 19, 25, 28) 4. Pyramids, Great Mysteries, Opposing Viewpoints, Barbara Mitchell, Greenhaven Press, Inc. (slide 21, 22) On line: On line: of Egypt)