Achievement Motivation A2 Physical Education Achievement Motivation

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Participation motives List the reasons why you enjoy participating in sport and physical activity. Put them in rank order of personal importance.

Youth sport participation Adult exercise participation Major motives Youth sport participation Improving skills Having fun Being with friends Experiencing thrills Achieving success Fitness Adult exercise participation Health factors Weight loss Fitness Self challenge and excitement Feeling better Socialising Weinburg & Gould, 1999

Motivation “The internal mechanisms and external stimuli which arouse and direct our behaviour.” (Sage, 1974) Our inner drives towards achieving a goal External pressures and rewards that we perceive in our environment The intensity (arousal) and the direction of our behaviour.

Motivation has 5 components: Direction Intensity Persistence Continuity Performance

Motivation Positive & Negative Primary & Secondary Motivation is not a ‘unitary concept’. There are different types of motivation: Positive & Negative Primary & Secondary Extrinsic & Intrinsic

Intrinsic Motivation Linked to cognitive theorists Used to explain how/why performers strive inwardly, being self-determined in trying to develop competence or excellence of performance. Take part in the activity for its own sake, for the pure love of sport.

Intrinsic Motivation Said to be involved in the ‘flow experience’: When intrinsic motivation is at its greatest, performers feel competent and self determining in dealing with their environment. Said to be involved in the ‘flow experience’: Complete absorption in the activity Subconscious feeling of self control No extrinsic motivation (goals, rewards etc..) ‘Self actualisation Positive mental attitude Relaxed, controlling anxiety, & enjoying optimum arousal Physical readiness Focussing on appropriate specific aspects of performance

Extrinsic Motivation Stems from other people, through positive and negative reinforcement, and from tangible and intangible rewards.

Motivation Extrinsic rewards Intrinsic sources Tangible Intangible Satisfaction Achievement Feeling good Competence Mastery Tangible Trophies Medals Badges Certificates Money Intangible Social reinforcers Praise Fame Winning/Glory Social Status Approval

Extrinsic rewards Extrinsic rewards can have a positive or negative effect on motivation depending on how the performer perceives them in relation to: Pace Play Control Competence

“Why did I say I’d take it ? ” (G. Southgate,1996)

Achievement Motivation ‘An individual’s motivation to strive for success’ Murray (1938) indicated that it was ‘natural for one individual to strive to surpass another’ Trait view that competitive motivation is a product of nature Bandura believed that competitive orientation was a product of learning Interactionist view of Atkinson & McClelland (1976) that competitive motivation was generated by a combination of personality and situational factors

Atkinson & McClelland Proposed a theory of achievement motivation which took into account of both individual personality and the situation and specified how the two were related. It is an interaction model – and according to this model behaviour is determined by the person’s interaction with their environment.

Nach & Naf The need to achieve (Nach) The need to avoid failure (Naf) Atkinson suggests that there are two personality factors that contribute to achievement motivation. The need to achieve (Nach) The need to avoid failure (Naf) We all have both characteristics, but those with a high need to achieve tend to have a low need to avoid failure & vice versa.

Personality factors that determine competitiveness (Atkinson & McClelland 1976) High Nach TAS: people with the tendency to approach success Low Naf High Naf TAF: people with the tendency to avoid failure Low Nach

Need to achieve (Nach) People with a high motive to achieve success display the following characteristics (approach behaviours). Look for challenges Are concerned about standards of excellence & show high levels of performance. Persist for longer Value/welcome feedback from others Enjoy performing in situations in which they can be evaluated Are not afraid of failure Attribute their performance to internal factors.

Need to avoid failure (Naf) People showing a strong motive to avoid failure tend to: Be preoccupied about failure Avoid challenging tasks: prefer to play against very easy or very difficult opposition Dislike situations in which there is a 50-50 chance for success and in which others can evaluate them. Perform worse when they can be evaluated Attribute their performance to external factors

Situational factors The probability of success Incentive value of success The extent to which success is likely; for example; success is more likely if the task is found by the performer to be easy The intrinsic value experienced by the individual after success has been achieved; for example, the harder the task the greater will be the incentive value because the probability of success is reduced

Probability of success High Incentive value of success Low High Probability of success