Ch 2 Science, Systems, Matter, and Energy

Case Study Easter Island (Summarize):

The Nature of Science Scientific Method: 1. Observation: observe problem and pose a question 2. Hypothesis: make an educated guess as to why the problem exists. 3. Test hypothesis: set up experiment to test hypothesis (must have a control and experimental set) 4. Analyze data: with the use of graphs, tables and charts understand what the results from the experiment are saying about your hypothesis 5. Conclusion: did analysis of results support or not support your hypothesis.

Feedback Loops Feed back loops: Positive feedback loops: Ex: depositing $ in a bank at compound interest and leaving there. Negative feedback loops: Ex: Recycling cans

Types of Structure of Matter Matter: Elements: Ex: H (hydrogen), C (carbon) Compounds: Ex: H2O, NaCl Atoms: Protons: Neutrons: Electrons: Atomic number: Mass number:

Types of Structure and Matter Ions: pH Neutral solution: Acidic solution: Basic solution:

Types of Structure and Matter Molecule: Chemical formula: Organic compound: Inorganic compound: Cells: Prokaryotic: Eukaryotic: Macromolecules: Genes: Chromosomes:

Types and Structure of Matter States of Matter: Solid, Liquid, Gas and Plasma Matter quality: High quality: Low quality: Material efficiency (resource productivity):

Changes in Matter Physical changes: Ex: aluminum foil cut into pieces Chemical changes: Ex: Coal is burned and makes CO2 Law of conservation of matter: There is no “AWAY” in throw away. Everything remains in some form.

Types of Pollutants 3 things determine the severity of a pollutant: - chemical nature, concentration, and persistence. - Degradable pollutants: - Biodegradable pollutants: - Slowly degradable pollutants: - Nondegradable pollutants:

Energy Energy: Types of energy – electrical energy, mechanical, light, chemical, nuclear Kinetic energy: Heat: Electromagnetic radiation: Potential energy:

Energy Energy quality: High –quality: Ex: electricity, chemical energy in coal and gas, sunlight, and nuclear Low – quality: Ex: heat dispersed in the moving molecules of a large amount of matter so that its temperature is low.

Energy Laws 2 laws that CAN NOT BE BROKEN!! 1 st Law of Thermodynamics (law of conservation): Energy input always equals energy output. There will never be more energy coming out then energy is put in. 2 nd law of Thermodynamics: Energy always goes from a more useful to a less useful form when it changes from one form to another. Energy Efficiency:

Sustainability and Matter and Energy Laws High-throughput economics (high waste): Matter-recycling-and reusing economy: Low-throughput economy (low waste):