Middle Years of the Cold War
Review Tehran, Yalta, Potsdam: divide Germany (and Europe) 1944-9: Greek Civil War 1948-9: Berlin Airlift 1949: NATO 1949: Soviet bomb 1949: Chinese Revolution 1950-53: Korean War
Nikita Khrushchev March 1953: Stalin Died 1956: Khrushchev became premier “Secret Speech of 1956” Khrushchev denounced Stalin’s terror Denounced Stalin’s crimes against socialism Set stage for de-Stalinization of USSR Created hope for openness in eastern Europe
1956: Suez Crisis Background: UK controlled Suez Canal through leases since 1875 Revolutionary Abdul Nasser moved Egypt toward left in early 1950s Soviet-supported Egypt recognized PRC and then nationalized canal. UK, France joined Israel in attacking Egypt, seizing canal UN, with US and USSR, forced UK and France to withdraw: western nations could not use force to achieve aims Humiliating for UK and France Cartoon lampooning Australian prime minister Robert Menzies’s attempt to persuade Nasser to end the nationalization of the canal
Hungarian nationalists wave Hungarian flag at start of uprising 1956: Hungary 1956: Polish unrest led to minor concessions from Khrushchev, but Poland stayed within Soviet system Hungarians rioted in support of Poles: Moderate Nagy installed as Hungarian premier Nagy Called for Removal of Soviet troops Neutrality Withdrawal from Warsaw Pact USSR invaded, crushing Nagy government and uprising; US ignored Hungarian pleas for intervention Hungarian nationalists wave Hungarian flag at start of uprising
Early 1960s 1957: Sputnik satellite launched 1960: US U2 plane and Gary Powers shot down; tried in USSR; served 21 months before exchange 1961 East German refugees flooded West Berlin Khrushchev ordered construction of wall 1962: Cuban Missile Crisis USSR withdrew missiles from Cuba USA withdrew missiles from Turkey Humiliation for Khrushchev 1964: Khrushchev resigned, replaced by Brezhnev
1968: Czechoslovakia 1968: Liberal climate around world Czech leader Dubcek experimented with liberal communism Discussion Publications Poetry, Plays, Arts Soviet troops seized Prague and installed new pro-Soviet government Brezhnev Doctrine: USSR had right to interfere to maintain communist governments