Instructor: Nguyen Ngoc Vu LANGUAGE FOCUS Instructor: Nguyen Ngoc Vu DINH VAN THI VAN

Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van OUTLINE WORD STUDY : Plural forms of nouns. GRAMMAR: Linking words: However, So, Therefore, But. Unless in conditional sentences. PRACTICE: 14/12/2008 Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van

Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van WORD STUDY PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS: Regular plural form: Ex: books, watches, exercises,…. NOUN + S/ES 14/12/2008 Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van

Pronunciation of –s ending: /s/: For nouns ending in /t/, /p/, /k/, /f/, / / students, cups, books, roofs, depths,… /iz/: For nouns ending in /s/, / /, /t /, /d /, /z/ buses, brushes, watches, oranges,…. /z/: For nouns ending in a vowel, and in orther consonant sounds (excluding those in the first two groups) keys, animals, sounds,…. 14/12/2008 Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van

IRREGULAR PLURAL FORMS No change in form: sheep, fish, deer,… -um / m/ and –ion / / turned into –(i)a /-i /: medium- media, criterion- criteria,… -us / / turned into –i /ai/: cactus- cacti, fungus- fungi,… -sis /-sis/ turned into –ses /-si:z/: thesis- theses, crisis- crises,… 14/12/2008 Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van

IRREGULAR PLURAL FORMS -f(e) /-f/ turned into –ves /-vz/: leaf- leaves, wife- wives,…. -oo- /u:/ turned into –ee- /i:/: tooth- teeth, goose- geese,… Other: child- children, ox- oxen, man- men,…. 14/12/2008 Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van

Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van GRAMMAR LINKING WORDS: So, but, however, therefore. So and therefore are used to express a result or consequence. But and however are used to express the ideas of a contrast. 14/12/2008 Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van

Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van LINKING WORDS So and but are used to join 2 sentences. They are informal and typical of spoken English. Ex: It was raining, so we decided to stay home. John has a car, but he often walks to work. However and therefore are used to link across sentences, that is, they make a link with an earlier sentence. They are rather formal and typical of written English. Ex: Peter is in love with Kay. Kay, however, is in love with James. The plane couldn’t take off because of bad weather. We therefore had to wait at the airport. 14/12/2008 Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van

Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van UNLESS Unless means the same as if… not. Unless is not used in questions. Ex: + I can’t see if I don’t wear glasses. I can’t see unless I wear glasses. + He wouldn’t say that if he wasn’t sure about it. He wouldn’t say that unless he was sure about it. 14/12/2008 Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van

Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van With unless, we use present tenses when we talk about the future. Ex: Unless it rains, I’ll pick you up at 6.00.(not Unless it will rain….) In most real conditional sentences, can use either unless or if…not with a similar meaning. 14/12/2008 Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van

Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van However, we use if…not but not unless: + In most unreal conditional sentences: Ex: He would be happier if he didn’t take things so seriously.(not….unless he took…) + When we talk about emotions: Ex: I’ll be amazed if Christie doesn’t win.(not...unless Christie won…) + In most questions: Ex: If you don’t pass the test, what will you do?(not Unless you pass…) 14/12/2008 Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van

Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van PRACTICE PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS LINKING WORDS UNLESS 14/12/2008 Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van

Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van PLURAL FORMS OF NOUNS 1.FINDING THE MISTAKES: woman – womans, housewife – housewifes, foot – foots, child – childs, leaf – leafs, mouse – mouses, criterion – criterions. 2.CROSSING THE WRONG FORM mediums, potatos, deers, sheeps, gooses, thesises, tomatos 14/12/2008 Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van

Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van LINKING WORDS 3.REWRITING THE SENTENCES, USING “however” OR “Therefore”: + The Mojave Desert has low temperatures, so it’s regarded as a cold desert. + North American deserts are very diverse, so they provide a good basis for understanding desert ecology. + Finding water in the forest is relatively easy, but the search for water can become somewhat tenuous in the desert. 14/12/2008 Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van

Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van 4. ADD SO, BUT, THEREFORE, HOWEVER WHERE APPROPRIATE: +He failed the exam,___he had to do the job he didn’t like. +The bread was old and stale, ____ Martha ate it away. +You could fly via Singapore,_______, this isn’t the only way. 14/12/2008 Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van

Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van UNLESS 5. MAKING UP SENTENCES IN TWO WAYS + There (not, be) enough water. We (not, plant) vegetables. + You (not, be) over 18.You (can not, see) this movie. + A camel (can’t, store) fat in its humps. It (die) for lack of food when crossing the desert. 14/12/2008 Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van

Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van 6. REWRITING SENTENCES WITH UNLESS + If it doesn’t rain soon, all the plants and trees here will die. + I’ll be surprised if he doesn’t win. + If desert plants do not have the ability to adjust to such a severe climate, they’ll surely die. 14/12/2008 Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van

Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van SEE YOU LATER GOOD LUCK TO YOU GOODBYE 14/12/2008 Ho Dinh Van Nguyen Thi Van