By the End of 1916…  Stalemate on all fronts  Low morale  French troops mutiny  Russia on the verge of collapse  Economic hardships on the homefront  Millions already dead  AT THIS POINT, WHAT IS THE BEST WAY TO END THE WAR AND ENSURE A LASTING PEACE?

Blockade and Economic Warfare

The US Joins the War  Post-War plans  Furthered colonial and imperial interests  Allies agreed to divide Ottoman Empire and Germany ’ s colonies  Germany had plans of colonial expansion  The Zimmerman Telegram  US Declares War (April, 1917)

Propaganda

The Role of Women French Munitions Workers

More French Munitions Workers

The Red Cross

Filling the Roles of the Men Nearly half of the labor force became female

Female Russian Soldier

The Russian Revolution (1917) and the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)

The Final German Offensive Spring, 1918

Hindenburg and Ludendorff

US Troops Arrive…

The Collapse of the Central Powers  Germany  Civilian government vs. military  Austria-Hungary  Ethnic minorities  November 11, 1918

The Paris Peace Talks, 1919 The “ Big Four ” Lloyd George, Orlando, Clemenceau, and Wilson

Wilson ’ s Fourteen Points vs. Revanche

Differing Agendas  Britain: a nation “fit for heroes,” maintain empires  France: Punish Germany  Italy: Land on the Adriatic  US: Lasting peace, collective security

The Treaty of Versailles

Stipulations of the Treaty 1.Germany military reduced 2.Rhineland permanently demilitarized  Occupied for 15 years 3.Saar region controlled by League of Nations for 15 years 4.Reparations  $30 Billion 5.Germany forfeits all colonies 6.Article 231: The War Guilt Clause

Implications of the Treaty 1.Self Determination for some… Colonies were redistributed 2.Germany humiliated Diktat The “ Stab in the Back ” 3.No foundation for lasting peace 4.New Map

Global Implications  The Middle East  Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916)  Divided the Middle East between France and Britain  New nations were arbitrarily created (Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan)  The Balfour Declaration (1917)  Britain promised the created of a Jewish state in Palestine  NO SELF-DETERMINATION FOR ARABS  Africa  Colonies and Mandates  NO SELF-DETERMINATION FOR AFRICANS

Humanitarian Implications