CHAPTER NINETEEN Early Latin America World Civilizations, The Global Experience AP* Edition, 5th Edition Stearns/Adas/Schwartz/Gilbert Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman *AP and Advanced Placement are registered trademarks of The College Entrance Examination Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

Chapter 19: Early Latin America Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 I. Spaniards and Portuguese: From Reconquista to Conquest II. The Destruction and Transformation of American Indian Societies III. Colonial Economies and Governments IV. Brazil: The First Plantation Economy V. Multiracial Societies VI. The 18th-Century Reforms

Chapter 19: Early Latin America Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Concepts to Obtain from this Chapter 1.Describe the diffusion of Iberian society to the New World. 2.Define the model for American colonization that was established in the Caribbean. 3.Describe the nature of the exploitation of Indians in the Americas. 4.Define the economy of the American colonies. 5.Identify the nature of the Spanish system of government in the American colonies. 6.Describe the change that the discovery of gold and diamonds made on the economic organization of Brazil. 7. Describe the social hierarchy of the American colonies. 8. Compare the 18th-century reforms in Portuguese and Spanish colonies.

Chapter 19: Early Latin America Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Iberian peninsula Arab Muslims invade in 8th century Long multicultural period Reconquest of all of Iberia by Spanish nobility Small Christian states  unification by 1492 Jews expelled  inquisition Iberian Society and Tradition -Urban -Encomiendas (large estates) -Patriarchal culture -Slavery -Centralized governments -Close ties to church

Chapter 19: Early Latin America Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 The Chronology of Conquest First stage “discovery & depopulation” African slaves & Spanish women - new society Bartolomé de las Casas –Opposes abuses of Indians –Conquests questioned –Indians considered human –Conversion should be voluntary **Las Casas' work lessens abuses Spanish and Portuguese Exploration,

Chapter 19: Early Latin America Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Mexico - Aztecs Hernán Cortés into Mexico By 1535, central Mexico under Spain Kingdom of New Spain Peru -Inca Weakened by civil war Francisco Pizarro - Cuzco falls New capital at Lima American Southwest – numerous native tribes Francisco Vázquez de Coronado Exploration in the 1540s Chile - Mapuche Pedro de Valdivia Conquers central Chile; founds Santiago By 1570, 192 Spanish towns

Chapter 19: Early Latin America Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Destruction & Transformation of American Indian Societies Mexico’s indigenous population 25 million to fewer than 2 million Exploitation of the Indians Encomiendas Adds to decline of native populations Modified by crown, fearing threat Mita Native system of forced labor Natives used for state projects Population Decline in New Spain

Chapter 19: Early Latin America Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Second stage – Colonial Economies & Govt 80% work in agriculture/ranching Mining - Silver Silver trade only for Spaniards Convoys cross Atlantic Protected by galleons Potosí, Bolivia - largest Zacatecas, Mexico Haciendas & Villages Haciendas - agricultural estates Encomiendas – grants from King for Indian laborers Produce for domestic use Give rise to aristocracy Industry and Commerce Sheep raising - textile sweatshops Board of Trade Oversees commerce Consulado, merchant guild

Chapter 19: Early Latin America Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Second stage – Colonial Economies & Govt Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 Portugal gets Brazil; rest to Spain Demarcation line (west of Brazil to Spain, east to Portugal) Spanish Empire King  Council of Indies  Viceroyalties (Mexico City, Lima) Clergy - Religious and secular functions Inquisition REGENTS ruled – made political decisions b/c King Charles was incapable (looney-tooney) The Society of Castas Miscengenation Sexual exploitation of Indian women Mestizo population Peninsulares v. creoles P- Spanish born C-born in new world King Charles II of Spain – died w/out an heir – led to War of Spanish Succession “El Hechizado” Tried to hang himself repeatedly – had to tie him down

Chapter 19: Early Latin America Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Third stage s Reform, reorganization Discontent, unrest 18th-Century - Bourbon Reforms The Shifting Balance of Politics and Trade Spain weakened in 18th century Conflict with France, England, Holland Loss of overseas territories Silver imports drop Colonies more self-sufficient War of the Spanish Succession Bourbons victorious Philip V, First Bourbon King of Spain

Chapter 19: Early Latin America Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 The Bourbon Reforms - Charles III 1759 ­ Jesuits expelled from Spain/empire French forms introduced -José de Gálvez – Spanish minister that implemented Bourbon reforms -2 new viceroyalties formed -attempt to root out corruption/extortion - Creoles lose high office -regional governors improved tax collection -Spain and France allied - Spain involved in Anglo-French wars Seven Years War – 1756 – 1763 – Eng. Wins! English vs. French – Eng. take Havana Spanish side w/French; better defenses of New World territory Frontiers extended/California settled State takes more control of economy Monopoly companies expand! EXAMPLE?

Chapter 19: Early Latin America Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Reforms, Reactions, and Revolts Mid-18th century Great economic growth Population, production up Traditional leaders threatened by reforms New Granada Comunero Revolt, 1781 Peru - Tupac Amaru

Chapter 19: Early Latin America Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Brazil: The First Plantation Economy not main Portuguese colony - French show interest Land grants to increase Portuguese colonization 1549 –capital at Salvador Jesuits active along coast Economy/Social – Sugar and Slavery Sugar - Labor intensive Society hierarchy White plantation-owners dominate Natives Slaves Gov’t Administration Lawyers  Regional governors  Missionaries run ranches & schools

Chapter 19: Early Latin America Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Brazil's Age of Gold European conflict affects Brazil, 1600s Dutch occupy Brazil until 1654 Dutch, English, French Sugar plantations in Caribbean Price of sugar drops, slaves more expensive Paulistas Explorers into interior Discover gold, Minas Gerais, 1695 Government controls production Interior settled - Rio de Janeiro - closer to mines Pombal and Brazil Marquis of Pombal – Authoritarian Jesuits expelled from empire, 1759 Reforms Monopoly companies to develop agriculture Rio de Janeiro the new capital Slavery abolished in Portugal

Chapter 19: Early Latin America Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 I Think Therefore I Am — Rene Descartes When the encomienda system began to fail, the Spanish government A) responded by the creation of a free labor system. B) began to rely on Indian labor extracted through local officials, the mita. C) permitted the enslavement of the Indian population. D) enforced its continuation by passage of a series of restrictive laws. E) encouraged the use of African slaves. The Spanish commercial system with the Latin American colonies was organized around A) plantation agriculture. B) mining. C) textile workshops. D) ranching. E) trading.

Chapter 19: Early Latin America Stearns et al., World Civilizations, The Global Experience, AP* Edition, 5th Edition Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Longman, Copyright 2007 Somebody better pay me some day for having to learn all this In contrast to the Spanish colonies, Brazil's economy was initially devoted to A) mining. B) ranching. C) estate agriculture. D) textile workshops. E) trading. Which of the following men was an advocate of Indian rights? A) Hernán Cortés B) Pedro de Valdivia C) Christopher Columbus D) Garcia Floridablanca E) Bartolomé de Las Casas In its final form, the Spanish colonial government in Latin America was divided at first into two and later into four A) audiencias. B) consulados. C) corregidores. D) viceroyalties. E) encomiendas.