 also known as human kinetics  scientific study of human movement  addresses physiological, mechanical, and psychological mechanisms Kinesiology means ‘the study of movement’. It describes a form of therapy that uses muscle monitoring (biofeedback) to look at what may be causing ‘imbalances’ in the body.

 The study of kinesiology cannot really be attributed to one specific person. It is thought to date back to Aristotle and his studies of the human muscular system, but many anatomical thinkers and doctors have contributed to its development over the years.

 biomechanics and orthopedics;  strength;  sport psychology;  methods of rehabilitation, such as physical and occupational therapy;  sport and exercise.

kinesiology traditionalappliedspecialised

 mechanical use of muscle monitoring (or muscle testing) as a means of determining a patient's physical condition. It is primarily used by sports therapists, physiotherapists and exercise physiologists.

 used by chiropractors, osteopaths, some medical doctors and even some dentists. It is primarily used for pain relief, but is said to have many other benefits as well.

 used by practitioners and the general public  There are now dozens of different specialised techniques  Some of them require extensive training, while others require training in just one or a few basic muscle testing techniques  Specialised kinesiology is used for the treatment of many diseases and psychological problems

 Adaptation through exercise  Neuroplasticity  Adaptive plasticity  Maladaptive plasticity Motor redundancy

 key principle of kinesiology  relates to improved fitness in athletes as well as health and wellness in clinical populations  improve neuromotor control and motor capabilities in both normal and pathological populations Exercise is a simple and established intervention for many movement disorders and musculoskeletal conditions

 different types of exercise interventions can be applied in kinesiology to athletic, normal, and clinical populations  Aerobic exercise interventions help to improve cardiovascular endurance  Anaerobic strength training programs can increase muscular strength, power, and lean body mass.  Decreased risk of falls and increased neuromuscular control can be attributed to balance intervention programs  Flexibility programs can increase functional range of motion and reduce the risk of injury

 can reduce symptoms of depression and risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases  improve quality of life, sleeping habits, immune system function

 a key scientific principle used in kinesiology to describe how movement and changes in the brain are related  The human brain adapts and acquires new motor skills based on this principle, which includes both adaptive and maladaptive brain changes

 significant impact of physical activity on brain function;  for example, greater amounts of physical activity are associated with enhanced cognitive function in older adults  The effects of physical activity can be distributed throughout the whole brain, such as higher gray matter density and white matter integrity after exercise training, and/or on specific brain areas, such as greater activation in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus

 Adaptive plasticity along with practice in three levels.  In behavior level, performance (e.g., successful rate, accuracy) improved after practice  In cortical level, motor representation areas of the acting muscles enlarged; functional connectivity between primary motor cortex (M1) and supplementary motor area (SMA) is strengthened  In neuronal level, the number of dendrites and neurotransmitter increase with practice

 Movement abnormalities may occur among individuals with and without brain injuries due to abnormal remodeling in central nervous system

 There are many types of therapies that are designed to overcome maladaptive plasticity in clinic and research, such as  constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT),  body weight support treadmill training (BWSTT) and virtual reality therapy

 for any task the human body can perform, there are effectively an unlimited number of ways the nervous system could achieve that task.

 Anatomists,  coaches,  strength specialists,  personal trainers,  nurses,  physical educators,  physical therapists,  physicians,  athletic trainers,  massage therapists & others in health-related fields

 should have an adequate knowledge & understanding of all large muscle groups to teach others how to strengthen, improve, & maintain these parts of human body  should not only know how & what to do in relation to conditioning & training but also know why specific exercises are done in conditioning & training of athletes

 may treat a range of disorders including  stress,  muscular disorders,  nervous disorders,  allergies,  nutritional deficiencies,  emotional problems and learning and behavioural difficulties.

 Research  the fitness industry  clinical settings  industrial environments

 learning difficulties,  brain function,  pain relief,  insomnia,  depression,  relationship problems,  hormonal disorders,  structural problems (back aches),  addictions,  fear and phobias and a variety of other conditions.

Kinesiologist focuses in the study of human movement His area of study is to speculate the various mechanical elements involved within human movement. Kinesiologists study the entire musculosketeal system and the various complicated ways in which it works. Physiotherapist the physiotherapist treats patients who suffer from reduced physical fitness and locomotion due to an accident, illness, injury or aging. Physiotherapy or physical therapy is basically a profession of providing health care services to patients for development and restoration of functional ability.