Chapter 15 India and the Indian Ocean Basin 1©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

India After the Fall of the Gupta Dynasty Gupta state collapsed mid-sixth century Chaos in northern India  Local power struggles  Invasions of Turkish nomads, absorbed into Indian society ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 2

King Harsha (r C.E.) Temporary restoration of unified rule in north India Religiously tolerant  Buddhist by faith Assassinated, no successor able to retain control 3 ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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Introduction of Islam to Northern India Muslim merchants formed small communities in all major cities of coastal India Turkish migrants and Islam: Turks convert to Islam in tenth century  Some moved to Afghanistan and established an Islamic state  Mahmud of Ghazni, Turk leader in Afghanistan, made expeditions to northern India ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 5

The Sultanate of Delhi  Mahmud's successors conquered north India, 1206  Established an Islamic state known as the sultanate of Delhi  Sultans' authority did not extend far beyond the capital at Delhi  Islam began to have a place in India 6 ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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Agriculture in the Monsoon World The monsoons (rains in spring and summer) Irrigation systems were needed for dry months  No big river in south India; waterworks included dams, reservoirs, canals, wells  Stored rainwater in large reservoirs connected to canals Population growth: 53 million in 600 C.E. to 105 million in 1500 C.E. Urbanization took place in Delhi and other large port cities 8 ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

The Trading World of the Indian Ocean Basin, C.E. ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 9

Trade and Economic Development in Southern India Indian regional economies largely self-sufficient Certain products traded throughout subcontinent  Iron, copper, salt, pepper Southern India profits from political instability in north ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10

Temples and Indian Society  Hindu temples served as economic and social centers  Possessed large tracts of land, hundreds of employees  Temple administrators were to maintain order, deliver taxes  Served as banks; engaged in business ventures 11 ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Cross-Cultural Trade in the Indian Ocean Basin Dhows and junks--large ships involved in maritime trade in Indian Ocean Trade goods  Silk and porcelain from China  Spices from southeast Asia  Pepper, gems, pearls, and cotton from India  Incense and horses from Arabia and southwest Asia  Gold, ivory, and slaves from east Africa ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 12

Specialized production  Production of high-quality cotton textiles thrived  Other specialized industries: sugar, leather, stone, carpets, iron and steel ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 13

Challenges to Caste and Society Caste helped to integrate immigrants (Turks, Muslim merchants) into Indian society Caste and social change: guilds and sub castes (jatis) Expansion of caste system, especially to southern India 14 ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Development of Hinduism Hinduism predominated in southern India, Islam in the north Promise of salvation Especially popular in southern India, spreads to north 15 ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Islam and its appeal Conversion to Islam occurred in a slow and gradual way  Some converted for improving their lower social statuses  Often an entire caste or sub caste adopted Islam en masse  By 1500, about 25 million Indian Muslims (1/4 of population) 16 ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Sufis Personal, emotional, devotional approaches to Islam Important missionaries of Islam to India Some flexibility regarding local customs 17 ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Indian Influence in Southeast Asia  Indian merchants brought their faiths to southeast Asia  Ruling elite of southeast Asia adapted some Indian political traditions  The states sponsored Hinduism and Buddhism  Showed no interest in Indian caste system 18 ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Angkor ( CE)  Kingdom built by Khmers at Angkor Thom, later Angkor Wat  The city was a microcosmic reflection of Hindu world order  Turned to Buddhism during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 19

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Islam in Southeast Asia Early populations of Muslim traders Increasing popularity with Sufi activity Many convert, retain some Hindu or Buddhist traditions 22 ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

State of Melaka Dominated maritime trade routes Mid-fifteenth century converts to Islam HOMEWORK: ISLAM READING PDF ON MY WIKI 23 ©1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.