Modern Church History 1 The Resurgence of Catholicism Looking at the Development of the Roman Catholic Church

2Modern Church History The Impact of the French Revolution Pius VII ( ) Pius VII ( ) Napoleon Napoleon Chateaubriand Genie du Christianisme 1802 Chateaubriand Genie du Christianisme 1802

3Modern Church History Ultramontanism Pius IX ( ) Pius IX ( ) A political reformer (at first) A political reformer (at first) 1854 Immaculate Conception of Mary 1854 Immaculate Conception of Mary 1864 Syllabus of Errors 1864 Syllabus of Errors 1869 Vatican Council: absolute papal authority 1869 Vatican Council: absolute papal authority

4Modern Church History Garibaldi Italian nationalism (Garibaldi) led to loss of papal states Italian nationalism (Garibaldi) led to loss of papal states Effect of de-secularising papal authority Effect of de-secularising papal authority Leo XIII ( ) statesman Leo XIII ( ) statesman “Catholic Action” “Catholic Action” 1891 Rerum novarum 1891 Rerum novarum

5Modern Church History Catholicism in the USA The effect of immigration The effect of immigration The “Catholic Irish” The “Catholic Irish” A period of naturalization and Americanization A period of naturalization and Americanization First Plenary Council Baltimore 1852 First Plenary Council Baltimore 1852

6Modern Church History Pius X ( ) 1905 France formal separation of church and state. Church only legalised by 1920s France formal separation of church and state. Church only legalised by 1920s. Rise of modernism/ biblical criticism Rise of modernism/ biblical criticism 1907 Pascendi encyclical against modernism 1907 Pascendi encyclical against modernism

7Modern Church History 20 th Century Catholicism October 2, 1928: Opus Dei, a worldwide organization of lay members. October 2, 1928: Opus Dei, a worldwide organization of lay members.1928Opus Dei1928Opus Dei February 11, 1929: The Lateran treaties are signed by Benito Mussolini and Cardinal Gasparri establishing the independent State of the Vatican City and resolving the Roman Question. February 11, 1929: The Lateran treaties are signed by Benito Mussolini and Cardinal Gasparri establishing the independent State of the Vatican City and resolving the Roman Question.1929Lateran treatiesVatican City1929Lateran treatiesVatican City July 20, 1933: Concordat Between the Holy See and the German Reich. July 20, 1933: Concordat Between the Holy See and the German Reich.1933 September 1, 1939: Germany invades Poland. Start of the Second World War. The Vatican declares neutrality. September 1, 1939: Germany invades Poland. Start of the Second World War. The Vatican declares neutrality.1939

8Modern Church History 1944: The German Army occupies Rome. Adolf Hitler proclaims he will respect Vatican neutrality. Rome is liberated by the Allies after only a few weeks of occupation. 1944: The German Army occupies Rome. Adolf Hitler proclaims he will respect Vatican neutrality. Rome is liberated by the Allies after only a few weeks of occupation. 1944Adolf Hitler 1944Adolf Hitler 1950: The Assumption of Mary is defined as dogma. 1950: The Assumption of Mary is defined as dogma. 1950Assumption of Mary 1950Assumption of Mary January 20, 1961: John F. Kennedy is sworn in as the 35th president of the United States. He becomes the first Roman Catholic and youngest president to be elected. January 20, 1961: John F. Kennedy is sworn in as the 35th president of the United States. He becomes the first Roman Catholic and youngest president to be elected.1961John F. Kennedy president of the United States1961John F. Kennedy president of the United States October 11, 1962: Pope John XXIII opens the Second Ecumenical Vatican Council. The 21st ecumenical council of the Catholic church emphasized the universal call to October 11, 1962: Pope John XXIII opens the Second Ecumenical Vatican Council. The 21st ecumenical council of the Catholic church emphasized the universal call to1962Pope John XXIIISecond Ecumenical Vatican Councilecumenical counciluniversal call to1962Pope John XXIIISecond Ecumenical Vatican Councilecumenical counciluniversal call to

9Modern Church History Towards Vatican II Throughout the 1950s, Roman Catholic theological and biblical studies had begun to sway away from the neo- scholasticism and biblical literalism. Throughout the 1950s, Roman Catholic theological and biblical studies had begun to sway away from the neo- scholasticism and biblical literalism.1950sneo- scholasticism1950sneo- scholasticism This shift could be seen in theologians such as Karl Rahner, and John Courtney Murray who looked to integrate modern human experience with Christian dogma, as well as others such as Yves Congar and Joseph Ratzinger (now Pope Benedict XVI) looked to what they saw as a more accurate understanding of scripture and the early Church Fathers as a source of renewal ("resourcement"). This shift could be seen in theologians such as Karl Rahner, and John Courtney Murray who looked to integrate modern human experience with Christian dogma, as well as others such as Yves Congar and Joseph Ratzinger (now Pope Benedict XVI) looked to what they saw as a more accurate understanding of scripture and the early Church Fathers as a source of renewal ("resourcement").Karl RahnerJohn Courtney Murray Yves CongarPope Benedict XVIKarl RahnerJohn Courtney Murray Yves CongarPope Benedict XVI

10Modern Church History Pope John XXIII Pope John XXIII, when asked why the Council was needed, reportedly opening a window and saying, "I want to throw open the windows of the Church so that we can see out and the people can see in." He invited other Christian Churches to send observers to the Council. in nature. Pope John XXIII, when asked why the Council was needed, reportedly opening a window and saying, "I want to throw open the windows of the Church so that we can see out and the people can see in." He invited other Christian Churches to send observers to the Council. in nature. Pope John XXIII Pope John XXIII

11Modern Church History Vatican II: The Main Points The Church The Church Liturgy Liturgy Scripture and divine revelation Scripture and divine revelation The bishops The bishops

12Modern Church History John Paul II 1970: Revision of the Roman Missal, following on gradual introduction of vernacular languages in celebration of Mass. 1970: Revision of the Roman Missal, following on gradual introduction of vernacular languages in celebration of Mass. 1970Revision of the Roman MissalMass 1970Revision of the Roman MissalMass October 16, 1978: Pope John Paul II becomes the first non-Italian pope in 450 years; influential in overthrowing communism in Europe. October 16, 1978: Pope John Paul II becomes the first non-Italian pope in 450 years; influential in overthrowing communism in Europe.1978Pope John Paul IIcommunism1978Pope John Paul IIcommunism December 31, 1991: The Soviet Union is officially dissolved. Persecuted Church re-emerges out of hiding. December 31, 1991: The Soviet Union is officially dissolved. Persecuted Church re-emerges out of hiding : A Catechism of the Catholic Church is first printed in French. 1992: A Catechism of the Catholic Church is first printed in French. 1992Catechism of the Catholic Church 1992Catechism of the Catholic Church 1994: Ordinatio Sacerdotalis, an Apostolic Letter upholding a prohibition against ordination of women to the priesthood, is promulgated by Pope John Paul II. 1994: Ordinatio Sacerdotalis, an Apostolic Letter upholding a prohibition against ordination of women to the priesthood, is promulgated by Pope John Paul II. 1994Ordinatio Sacerdotalis ordination of womenJohn Paul II 1994Ordinatio Sacerdotalis ordination of womenJohn Paul II

13Modern Church History 21st century Catholic Church Criticism for its traditional teaching on such issues as birth control, abortion, and women in the priesthood. Criticism for its traditional teaching on such issues as birth control, abortion, and women in the priesthood.birth controlabortionbirth controlabortion Scandals of child abuse. Scandals of child abuse.child abusechild abuse 2005: The death of Pope John Paul II. 2005: The death of Pope John Paul II.PopeJohn Paul IIPopeJohn Paul II September 11, 2001: Muslim suicide bombers of al-Qaeda crash two hijacked Boeing 767s on the World Trade Center. Catalyst of invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq. Simmering tensions between Christians and Muslims surface worldwide. September 11, 2001: Muslim suicide bombers of al-Qaeda crash two hijacked Boeing 767s on the World Trade Center. Catalyst of invasion of Afghanistan and Iraq. Simmering tensions between Christians and Muslims surface worldwide.2001 April 19, 2005: German-born Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger is elected by the College of Cardinals as Pope Benedict XVI, thus becoming the first Pope elected during the 21st century and the 3rd millennium. April 19, 2005: German-born Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger is elected by the College of Cardinals as Pope Benedict XVI, thus becoming the first Pope elected during the 21st century and the 3rd millennium. April College of CardinalsPope Benedict XVI3rd millennium April College of CardinalsPope Benedict XVI3rd millennium