Photosynthesis The process autotrophs use to make glucose sugars from carbon sources, water, and light energy 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 sunlight

Radiant energy carbohydrates Respiration How energy flows through the ecosystem Photosynthesis Heterotrophs Autotrophs heat

How organisms get carbon energy 1.Autotrophs: able to produce own glucose –Ex: plants, algae, cyanobacteria –Also called: producers 2.Heterotrophs: must take in glucose from outside source –Ex: animals, fungus, most bacteria, protozoans –Also called: consumers

RespirationPhotosynthesis Stored Chemical Energy (in the form of Glucose) Light Energy from the sun Energy for Cell in the form of ATP Using oxygen; releasing water & CO 2 Using water & CO 2 ; releasing oxygen

Why is a carbon source from sugars so important? The carbons are needed to make ATP molecules, which provide energy for metabolic reactions. AdenineRibose3 Phosphate groups

ADP and ATP To get energy out of ATP, the bond between two phosphate groups is broken. ADP ATP Energy Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + PhosphateAdenosine triphosphate (ATP) Partially charged battery Fully charged battery

Where and how are sugars made? Light Energy Chloroplast CO 2 + H 2 OSugars + O 2

Photosynthesis video Click on image to play video.

Pigments Chlorophyll is a pigment, a molecule that can absorb light energy. Unused light is reflected. What is the color of the wavelength least used by chlorophyll? Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b VBGYOR Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a

2. Photosynthesis pigments A. chlorophyll a (light green) B. chlorophyll b (dark green) C. xanthophyll (yellow) D. carotenoid –(orange)

Chromatography The process of separating colored solutions to determine the number of pigments in the solution

How does photosynthesis work? 1.Light dependent reaction 2.Calvin cycle Chloroplast Light Sugars CO 2 Light- Dependent Reactions Calvin Cycle NADPH ATP ADP + P NADP + Chloroplast H20H20 O2O2

Step 1: Light dependent reaction Hydrogen Ion Movement Photosystem II Inner Thylakoid Space Thylakoid Membrane Stroma ATP synthase Electron Transport Chain Photosystem IATP Formation Chloroplast

Light dependent reaction Pigments (chlorophyll) inside of the chloroplasts are arranged into photosystems (PSI and PSII). Photosystems absorb sunlight. Electrons become energized and help to produce NADPH.

3. Light Dependent reactions location: grana of chloroplast Photosystem II: energized chlorophyll releases energy to split water into Oxygen (released) and Hydrogen(the H is carried by NADP to be used later in Calvin cycle ) Photosystem I: energized chlorophyll releases energy to add phosphate to ADP to make ATP (to be used later in the Calvin cycle)

Light dependent video (1) Click on image to play video.

Light dependent video (2) Click on image to play video.

Step 2: Calvin cycle ChloropIast CO 2 Enters the Cycle Energy Input 5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated Sugars and other compounds 6-Carbon Sugar Produced

4. Light independent reactions (Calvin cycle) Location: stroma (fluid) of chloroplast Carbons? CO 2 is “fixed” by RuBP & begins the cycle becoming PGA, then PGAL after hydrogen (from NADP) and energy (from ATP) are added Products? RuBP is recycled for next time & Glucose (sugar/food) is made (from 6 turns of cycle)

Calvin cycle The NADPH supplies the energy needed to change the CO 2 taken into the cell into a 6 carbon molecule. This 6 carbon molecule is made into sugars. glucose

Sunlight Light-dependent Reactions water oxygen Calvin Cycle Carbon Dioxide Glucose NADPH 2 ATP Within chloroplasts RuBP PGA PGAL

Calvin cycle video Click on image to play video.