General anesthetics

Objectives Define sleep, amnesia, analgesia, general anesthesia List different phases/planes of GA Classify the agents used for general anesthesia Describe the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, therapeutics and adverse effects and drug interactions of different anesthetic drugs Compare the pharmacological effects of thiopental sodium, propofol, and ketamine

Surgery Before Anesthesia 50

Fun and Frolics led to Early Anesthesia 50

What are General Anesthetics? A drug that brings about a reversible loss of consciousness generally administered by an anesthesiologist in order to induce or maintain general anesthesia to facilitate surgery. Can be viewed as a pharmacological intervention used to prevent psychological and somatic adverse effects of surgical trauma and also to create convenient conditions for surgery.

General Anaesthesia (GA) unconsciousness amnesia analgesia. A variety of drugs are given to the patient that have different effects with the overall aim of ensuring unconsciousness, amnesia and analgesia.

Stages Of General Anesthesia Stage I: Disorientation, altered consciousness Stage II: Excitatory stage, delirium, uncontrolled movement, irregular breathing. Goal is to move through this stage as rapidly as possible. Stage III: Surgical anesthesia; return of regular respiration. Plane 3: Deep anesthesia. Shallow breathing, assisted ventilation needed. Level of anesthesia for painful surgeries Plane 4: Diaphragmatic respiration only, assisted ventilation is required. Cardiovascular impairment. Stage IV: Too deep; essentially an overdose and represents anesthetic crisis. This is the stage between respiratory arrest and death due to circulatory collapse.

Anesthetics divide into 2 classes Inhalation Anesthetics Gasses or Vapors Usually Halogenated Intravenous Anesthetics Injections Anesthetics or induction agents

Anesthetics divide into 2 classes Inhalation Anesthetics Gasses or Vapors Usually Halogenated Intravenous Anesthetics Injections Anesthetics or induction agents

Inhalation Anesthetics Nitrous oxide Halothane Isoflurane Sevoflurane Enflurane Halogenated anaes:

Ideal Properties of Inhalation Anaesthetic Agents Rapid onset and recovery Producing analgesia, amnesia and hypnosis With good hemodynamic stability Have few side effects Have few interactions with other medications

Mechanism of Action Interaction with protein receptors Volatile A – increase GABA and Glycine ( inhibitory neurotransmitters)

MAC(minimum alveolar concentration) A measure of potency of inhaled anesthetics Used to compare the potency of inhalational anesthetics MAC is the concentration necessary to prevent responding in 50% of population. MAC is the “gold standard” for measuring anesthesia!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! MINIMUM ___ ALVEOLAR_____ CONCENTRATION

Factors Increasing MAC Age: highest MAC in infants (6-12 months) Hyperthermia Chronic alcoholism CNS stimulants (cocaine)

Factors Decreasing MAC Increase in age and prematurity Hypothermia Opioids Barbiturates Alpha 2 blockers Calcium channel blockers Acute alcohol intoxication Pregnancy

Factors do not affect MAC Hypocarbia Hypercarbia Gender Thyroid function Hyperkalemia

Factors that speed induction with inhalational agents Increasing the delivered concentrations of anesthetics High flow with the breathing circuit Increasing the minute ventilation

Factors that slow the onset of volatile induction Increase in cardiac output Decrease minute ventilation High anesthetic lipid solubility Low flow within the breathing circuit

Pathway for General Anesthetics Partial Pressure in brain quickly equilibrates with partial pressure in arterial blood which has equilibrated with partial pressure perused alveoli. Furthermore, the DEPTH of anesthesia induced by an inhaled anesthetic depends primarily on the PARTIAL PRESSURE!!! Of the anesthetics in the brain, and the rate of induction and recovery from anesthesia depends on the rate of change of partial pressure in the brain.  These drugs are small lipid-soluble molecules that cross the alveolar membrane easily. Move into and out of the blood based on the partial pressure gradient.

General Actions of Inhaled Anesthetics Respiration Depressed respiration and response to CO2 Kidney Depression of renal blood flow and urine output Muscle High enough concentrations will relax skeletal muscle General anesthetics work by altering the flow of sodium molecules in to nerve cells or neurons through the cell membrane. Exactly how they do this is not understand since the drug apparently does not bind

Cont’ Cardiovascular System Central Nervous System Generalized reduction in arterial pressure and peripheral vascular resistance. Isoflurane maintains CO and coronary function better than other agents Central Nervous System Increased cerebral blood flow and decreased cerebral metabolism

Nitrous Oxide Inhaled Anesthetics widely used Potent analgesic Produce a light anesthesia Do not depress the respiration/vasomotor center Used ad adjunct to supplement other inhalationals

Halothane Inhaled Anesthetics non-flammable 20% metabolism by P450 induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes Myocardial depressant (SA node), sensitization of myocardium to catecholamines - arrhythmia 90

Halothane Transient hepatic damage Liver necrosis In repeated exposure Inhaled Anesthetics Halothane Transient hepatic damage Liver necrosis In repeated exposure Immunosensititation

Malignant Hyperthermia Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a pharmacogenetic hypermetabolic state of skeletal muscle induced in susceptible individuals by inhalational anesthetics and/or succinylcholine. 114

Malignant Hyperthermia Signs: tachycardia, tachypnea, metabolic acidosis, hyperthermia, muscle rigidity, sweating, arrhythmia May be fatal Treated with dantrolene

Enflurane Rapid, smooth induction and maintenance Inhaled Anesthetics Enflurane Rapid, smooth induction and maintenance 2-10% metabolized in liver Introduced as replacement for halothane 27

Isoflurane smooth and rapid induction and recovery Inhaled Anesthetics Isoflurane smooth and rapid induction and recovery very little metabolism (0.2%) no reports of hepatotoxicity or renotoxicity most widely employed

Anesthetics divide into 2 classes Inhalation Anesthetics Gasses or Vapors Usually Halogenated Intravenous Anesthetics Injections Anesthetics or induction agents

Ideal properties of intravenous anesthetic agents Rapid onset and recovery Producing analgesia, amnesia and hypnosis With good hemodynamic stability Have few side effects Have few interactions with other medications

Intravenous Induction Agents Commonly used IV induction agents Propofol Thiopental sodium Ketamine

Organ Effects Most decrease cerebral metabolism and intracranial pressure Most cause respiratory depression May cause apnea after induction of anesthesia 118

Cardiovascular Effects Barbiturates, benzodiazepines and propofol cause cardiovascular depression. 119

Induction dose 3-6mg/kg IV Thiopental sodium rapid onset (20 sec) short-acting Induction dose 3-6mg/kg IV 117

Effect terminated not by metabolism but by redistribution Thiopental sodium Effect terminated not by metabolism but by redistribution repeated administration or prolonged infusion approached equilibrium at redistribution sites Build-up in adipose tissue = very long emergence from anesthesia

Side effects Hypotension Direct myocardial depression apnoea Thiopental sodium Side effects Hypotension Direct myocardial depression apnoea Peripheral dilatation airway obstruction Tachycardia Decrease mean arterial pressure

Propofol Short-acting agent used for the induction maintenance of GA and sedation Onset within one minute of injection Induction dose 1-2.5 mg/kg IV

metabolised by conjugation in the liver Side-effect Propofol metabolised by conjugation in the liver Side-effect pain on injection hypotension transient apnoea following induction Myocardial depression Peripheral vasodilatation

Ketamine usually stimulate rather than depress the circulatory system. Has sympathomimetic effects result in: Increase in cardiac output Increase MAP Increase HR Increase ICT Increase IOP Bronchodilation Induction dose 1-2 mg/kg IV

Midazolam Benzodiazepine provide: Anxiolysis Sedation Amnesia In high dose produce unconsciousness Induction dose 0.1-0.4 mg/kg IV

Opioids Pethedine, phyntanil, suphyntanil, morphine High dose have vagolitic affect such as: Bradycardia Vasodilation Histamine release Except meperidine it is a sympathomimetic

Ketamine Analgesic dissociative anesthesia, eyes open, reflexes intact, purposeless but coordinated movements

Stimulates sympathetic nervous system Ketamine Stimulates sympathetic nervous system Psychomimetic – “emergence reactions” vivid dreaming extracorporeal (floating "out-of-body") experience misperceptions, misinterpretations, illusions may be associated with euphoria, excitement, confusion, fear 124

General anesthesia Induction Maintenance

Induction intravenous inhalational Faster onset avoiding the excitatory phase of anaesthesia inhalational where IV access is difficult Anticipated difficult intubation patient preference (children)

Maintenance In order to prolong anaesthesia for the required duration breathe to a carefully controlled mixture of oxygen, nitrous oxide, and a volatile anaesthetic agent transferred to the patient's brain via the lungs and the bloodstream, and the patient remains unconscious

Maintenance Inhaled agents are supplemented by intravenous anaesthetics, such as opioids (usually fentanyl or morphine)

What is Balanced Anesthesia? Use specific drugs for each component 1. Sensory N20, opioids, ketamine for analgesia 2. Cognitive Produce amnesia, and preferably unconsciousness inhaled agent IV hypnotic (propofol, midazolam, diazepam, thiopental) 3. Motor Muscle relaxants 48

Simple Combinations Morphine Propofol N2O Sevoflurane Relaxant of choice 49

Simple Combinations Fentanyl Thiopental sodium N2O Halothane Relaxant of choice 50

SUMMARY

Anesthetics divide into 2 classes Inhalation Anesthetics Gasses or Vapors Usually Halogenated Intravenous Anesthetics Injections Anesthetics or induction agents

Inhalation Anesthetics Nitrous oxide Halothane Isoflurane Sevoflurane Enflurane Halogenated anaes:

Intravenous anesthetics Thiopental sodium Propofol ketamine

Induction intravenous inhalational Faster onset avoiding the excitatory phase of anaesthesia inhalational where IV access is difficult Anticipated difficult intubation patient preference (children)

Question Compare the pharmacologicl effects of thiopentone sodium, propofol, and ketamine