Spectral Reflectance-based Nitrogen Management for Subsurface Drip Irrigated Cotton Raj Yabaji, Kevin Bronson, Cary Green, Eduardo Segarra, and Adi Malapati.

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Spectral Reflectance-based Nitrogen Management for Subsurface Drip Irrigated Cotton Raj Yabaji, Kevin Bronson, Cary Green, Eduardo Segarra, and Adi Malapati Texas A & M Univ. – Texas Agric. Exp. Stn, and Texas Tech Univ, Lubbock, TX

Introduction The Southern High Plains of Texas average ft in elevation, 18 in. rainfall/yr and 80 in. open pan evaporation/yr. The densest concentration of cotton production in the world is here. 3 to 4 million ac of cotton are planted each yr. Cotton is mono-cropped. Half of the cotton acreage is dryland, half is irrigated from the declining Ogallala aquifer. % 70 of the irrigation is center pivot, 25 % is furrow-irrigated, & 5 % is subsurface drip.

In-season sensing of N status for Cotton

Nitrogen management for subsurface drip irrigated cotton

Objectives Test spectral reflectance as an N management guide for SDI cotton Refine the window of N fertilizer injection in SDI cotton Compare with S as N fertilizer sources in SDI cotton Measure denitrification in SDI cotton as affected by N management

Materials & Methods

Plot plan 600 ft 8, 40-in rows

Treatments or S injected early bloom to mid bloom (5 weeks) or S injected early bloom to peak bloom (8 weeks) Zero-N (1 plot/station/rep) Reflectance-based mgt: 0.5 X N early to peak bloom, N injection rate adjusted upwards by 100 % when GVI (Green vegetative index)reflectance/GVI soil test < 0.95 or statistical significance. Amount of N fertilizer = 150 lb N/ac (for 2.5 bale/ac) – 0-24 in soil test NO 3 -N – irrigation water NO 3

Nitrogen requirements for high-yielding cotton 1 Nitrogen fertilizer plus 0-24 inch NO 3 -N

Cropscan MSR 16 Passive sensor (natural light) 16 wavebands (up & down) 48 inches above canopy Within 2 hrs solar noon Percent reflectance = Refltd λ / Incoming λ

Vegetative indices (Bausch and Duke, 1996) Green vegetative index = R 820 /R 550 Red vegetative index = R 820 /R 650 R = percent reflectance at λ (nm)

Results

Green vegetative index for SDI cotton Lubbock, 2005 * *

Green vegetative index for SDI cotton Lubbock, 2006 * * * *

Nitrogen fertilizer injections Lubbock, 2005

Nitrogen fertilizer injections Lubbock, 2006

Spring soil nitrate, N fertilizer amounts injected, well water nitrate, and total N supply, Lubbock, TX, 2005

Spring soil nitrate, N fertilizer amounts injected, well water nitrate, and total N supply, Lubbock, TX, 2006

Correlations of Green vegetative index (GVI), chlorophyll meter (SPAD) readings, leaf N, biomass and lint yield, SDI cotton Lubbock

Correlations with chlorophyll meter (SPAD) and spectral reflectance at early bloom Lamesa, 2003 Means: Biomass – 704 kg/ha, Leaf N – 3.9%, NDVI_cropscn – 0.43, NDVI_grnskr – 0.52

Leaf N SPAD NDVI_cropscan NDVI_greenskr 550nm Biomass Leaf N SPAD NDVI_crops NDVI_grnsk Cropscn_550 Correlations with chlorophyll meter (SPAD) and spectral reflectance at early bloom Lamesa, 2004 Means: Biomass – 1954 kg/ha, Leaf N – 3.7%, NDVI_cropscn – 0.73, NDVI_grnskr –

Mid-bloom biomass, green vegetative index, chlorophyll meter readings as affected by N management, Lubbock, TX, 2005

Mid-bloom biomass, green vegetative index, chlorophyll meter readings as affected by N management, Lubbock, TX, 2006

First open boll biomass, N uptake, seed and lint yields as affected by N management, Lubbock, TX, 2005

First open boll biomass, N uptake, seed and lint yields as affected by N management, Lubbock, TX, 2006

Recovery efficiency of 90 lb fertilizer-N/ac in cotton plants

Summary Green vegetative index related to leaf N and biomass, and responded to N fertilizer treatments. GVI reflected net N mineralization in zero-N plot. We tested spectral reflectance-based N management, i.e. initial N injections of ½ X of soil test recommendations, and adjusting upwards as GVI falls significantly below soil test management for 2 ½ bale/ac yield goal. Spectral-reflectance N injection saved 28 and 15 % N compared to soil test-based management for 2005 and 2006, respectively.

Summary cont. Recovery efficiency of N fertilizer injected daily in subsurface drip irrigated cotton is high, i.e % Denitrification from N fertilizer injections in SDI cotton was not detectable.