Industrial Revolution Chapter 9 Honors World History (B) Coach Simmons

A Different Revolution Agriculture paves the way – new improvements, enclosures, seeding (drill), harvesting (machines), crop rotation, livestock breeding Industrial beginning in England, Why? Natural resources – rivers, iron ore, harbors Wealth and investment into inventions Large population and workforce

New Inventions Flying shuttle clothed the world (John Kay) Spinning jenny-water powered wheel (James Hargreaves) Reaper improved wheat production (Cyrus McCormick) Telegraph and eventually telephone improved communication (Samuel Morse & A. G. Bell) All of these machines used in new buildings called factories

Transportation improvements Steam Power led to many inventions James Watt improved the steam engine making it more efficient Entrepreneurs invested in new technologies (businessmen) Steam Boats like the Clermont Improved roads such as turnpikes

Railroads George Stephenson designed steam-powered locomotive engines Liverpool to Manchester first rail line The Rocket could haul 13 tons @24 mph Effects of Railroads Efficient transportation of raw materials More Jobs Boosted other industries Improved Travel

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Industrialization Changes Life Urbanization – movement into cities As industry grew the population of cities grew Factories sprung up close to resources Size of cities doubled, some even quadrupled (Manchester 1775, 45,000 1825, 300,000)

Standard of living Growth was so quick the cities were not planned very well No sanitation codes, building codes, or development plans Elizabeth Gaskell describes this in Mary Burton p.290 Disease ran rampant (cholera) during this time avg life span 17 yrs.

Working conditions Business wanted as much production as possible. Led to long hours (14-16) and 6 day work weeks Dangerous conditions Women and children employed due to cheap source of labor Child labor p.290

Class Tensions Rise of the middle class Industrialization produced massive amounts of wealth and poverty Change of social hierarchy landowners v. businessmen The working class continued to struggle in poverty (importance of education)

Positive effects of Industrialization Creation of jobs for workers – led to healthier diets, housing, cheaper goods Need for educated professions Fostered technological process Created the role of consumer goods Needs v. wants Created better tax base for governments

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Industrialization Spreads Development in the U.S. Textile Industry grew rapidly (King Cotton) in the South Creation of mill towns Women and children were heavily employed in textile industry Steel becomes chief source of industrialization in U.S. (Railroads)

Rise of corporations Large businesses require large sums of money (Big Business) Stocks give entrepreneurs the opportunity Corporations are businesses owned by shareholders Examples: Standard Oil (Rockefeller) and Carnegie Steel (Carnegie)

Europe Industrializes The Napoleonic Wars slowed progress in Europe and allowed Britain to take the lead Belgium, Germany, Russia were future stars of industry Slowly each country would steal, spy, and cheat to discover these new technologies and copy Britain Other countries lacked the resources to industrialize (Spain, Austria-Hungary)

Industrial Impact Shifted balance of world power Widened gap of wealth Led to imperialism (exploitation of overseas colonies) Chp 11 Changed daily lives of the people Increased opportunities and participation of people in government

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Industrial philosophy Capitalism – privately owned factors of production with ability to invest capital Laissez faire – businesses run business with no interference Rise of the Free Market Adam Smith – “Wealth of Nations” Self-interest = people work for own good Competition = forces people to be better Supply and demand = price reflects market value

Another Industrial philosophy Socialism – publicly owned factors of production in which capital is used for good of all Utilitarianism – Jeremy Bentham “greatest good for the greatest number of people” Robert Owen and Utopian ideas Socialist vowed for government control of economy to end poverty and create equality

Marxism Radical solution: The Communist Manifesto Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels “Haves” v. “Have-nots” Middle class sat back while the proletariat did all the work (leads to revolt) Communism – end to private ownership all goods and services shared equally

Reforms Formation of labor unions to protect workers rights They used collective bargaining tactics to negotiate deals Strikes were planned if negotiations failed Skilled working positions had greater power to strike Factory Act of 1833 – child labor reduced Mines Act – prevented women and children from working underground Ten Hours Act – 10 hr day for women and children

Reform Spreads Britain first to abolish slavery in 1833 most other industrial nations followed within the 19th century Motives for abolitionist? Women’s Rights Jane Addams (Hull House) Free Public school systems Reform of prisons (rehabilitation)