AchievementAchievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence  Describe how body structure and function are related to the performance of physical activity.  Explain how/why body structure and function are related to the performance of physical activity.  Explain in detail how/why body structure and function are related to the performance of physical activity.

1.Heart rate goes up 4. Breathing is deeper 7. Body temperature goes up 6.Respiration rate goes up 8.Sweating starts 5. Diffusion in the lungs increases 3.Blood pressure goes up 2.Stroke volume increases Short Term responses to Exercise

1. The muscles start to work harder, requiring more oxygen and producing more carbon dioxide, which needs to be removed. 2. The brain HeartLungs to make them work harder. detects these changes and sends a signal to the: and Short-Term Effects of Exercise

3. The lungs work harder as breathing is now faster and deeper. They take in more oxygen and remove more carbon dioxide. 4. The heart starts working harder and as a result, greater supplies of blood are sent around the body for use by the muscles. The Respiratory System The Cardiovascular System

5. Blood pressure goes up, but is prevented from going too high by 6.Contracting muscles squeeze the veins, squirting blood back much faster to the heart. 7.The heart fills up more completely when it relaxes and then contracts more strongly, pumping more blood with each beat. the widening of the arteries. Blood is also diverted from organs like the gut and stomach and sent to the muscles which need it more, by either:  Constricting of the blood vessels. ( ) or  Widening of the blood vessels ( ) va so di la ti on va so co ns tr ic tion

8.Quicker heart rate recovery 1. Heart becomes bigger with thicker walls 2.Capilliarisation of muscle tissue 4.Stroke volume increases 3.Resting heart rate is lower 7.More red blood cells 9.Heart rate increases more slowly as exercise begins 5.Greater cardiac output 6.Arteries larger and more elastic Long-Term Effects of exercise on Cardiovascular system Human blood smear

A. The Heart Rate  The muscular walls of the heart become stronger, making the chambers slightly larger (hypertrophy).  These chambers empty more fully increasing the amount of blood pumped out with each beat. Long-Term Effects – Cardiovascular Unfit HeartFit Heart Stroke Volume Increases

 The resting heart rate becomes much lower.  The heart rate increases much more slowly as exercise begins  Recovery rates fall more quickly once exercising has stopped The increase in stroke volume has the following effects... An Unfit Heart A Fit Heart While Exercising At Rest Recovery back to the resting beat within two minutes. Recovery back to the resting beat longer than two minutes.

1. Capilliarisation of the alveoli 6. Diffusion in the lungs increases 5. More alveoli in the lungs 4.Lungs have a greater vital capacity 2. Greater Max VO 2 3. Can cope better with lactic acid Long-Term Effects of Exercise on Respiratory System Section of human alveoli

 Vital Capacity: Increases as the diaphragm and intercostal muscles get stronger, making the chest cavity larger. This means that more oxygen can be breathed in, and carbon dioxide breathed out.  Alveoli: The number of alveoli in the lungs increases. This produces a greater surface area for the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen within the lungs.  Capillaries: A greater density of capillaries grow around the alveoli, again increasing the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood. Long-Term Effects - Respiratory System

3.Ligaments and tendons get stronger 2. Bones become stronger 1.Muscles become thicker and stronger 4.Joints are more supple 5. Cartilage thicker Long-Term Effects of Exercise on Muscular & Skeletal Systems

2.Alertness levels improve 4.Sleeping patterns become more regular 5. Greater levels of self-esteem and confidence 1. Reaction times are faster Long-Term Effects of Exercise on Nervous System 3.Concentration enhanced

 Joints – Exercise makes ligaments become stronger and cartilage thicker.  Bones – Regular exercise makes the bones grow stronger.  Muscles – The muscles which are working harder, become thicker and so can contract more strongly. This is known as hypertrophy.  Tendons – These attach muscle to bones and as a result of strength training they become thicker and stronger.