Values and Group Boundaries A Novel Measurement Technique Rengin B. Firat, Ph.D. Evolution, Cognition and Culture Lab. University of Lyon, France July 14, 2015 ESRA Annual Conference Reykjavik, ICELAND Steven Hitlin, PhD Dept. of Sociology University of Iowa, USA Hye Won Kwon Dept. of Sociology University of Iowa, USA

OUTLINE Theoretical & empirical framework A novel measurement technique Results from US and France Tentative Conclusions

Theoretical Framework: Values and Morality 1 Schwartz 1992; 1994; 2009; Schwartz and Bilsky 1987; Bardi and Schwartz 2003; Schwartz and Bardi 2001; Schwartz and Boehnke Universally Shared Basic Values 1 Cognitive structures that orient behavior towards desirable states and goals. 10 basic valued underlined by distinct motivations: achievement, power, self-direction, stimulation, hedonism, conformity, traditionalism, security, universalism, benevolence

2- Culturally Structured Morality: more than ‘right’ and ‘wrong’; a complex social system reflecting power relationships. 1 Moral Boundaries: 2 Symbolic boundaries (mental lines) drawn on the basis of moral character. Theoretical Framework: Values and Morality 1 Abend 2011, Hitlin 2008, Firat & McPherson Lamont 1992, 2000, Sayer 2005, Stets & Carter 2011, Stets et al Distinguish what is right from wrong, but also separate ‘us’ from ‘them’. These boundaries might motivate socio-political behavior as well as social attitudes like tolerance.

Research Questions What is the relationship between group identities and morality? What types of values are associated with group boundaries? Inter-cultural variability: U.S., Turkey, France, and S. Korea.

Moral Schemas, Cultural Conflict, and Socio-Political Action University of Iowa Iowa City, U.S.A. Istanbul University Istanbul, TURKEY University of Lyon Lyon, FRANCE Hanyang University Seoul, S. KOREA

METHODS PHASE 1: SURVEY PHASE 2 Availability Sampling: U.S. (Iowa, N = 637) Turkey (Istanbul, Projected N = 450) Nationally Representative Surveys: France (N = 455) U.S. (N = 450) S. Korea (Projected N = 450) Turkey (Projected N = 450) Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) U.S. (Projected N = 30) Turkey (Projected N = 30)

METHODS: MORAL SCHEMA SURVEY Several batteries measuring moral values, group memberships, political and civic engagement. A Novel Measurement for Moral Boundaries: 1- In-group: 3 most important groups when they think of themselves. occupation, race, gender, age, religion, political party, nationality, family status, social class, and the part of their country they live in. 2- Out-group: 3 groups they would NOT like to have as neighbors. different race, different political orientation, immigrants, homosexuals, different religion, different social class, different age and different language. FRANCE: Muslims

Results Descriptives: USA (Quota Sampling on gender, age, income): N = % women 79% White 77% Bachelor’s degree Average age = 50 (s.d. = 16.9) France (Quota Sampling on gender, age, income): N = % women 87% White 51% Bachelor’s degree Average age = 47 (s.d. = 16.2)

MOST IMPORTANT GROUPS USFRANCE family occupation religion gender

MOST IMPORTANT VALUES FOR THE IN-GROUP

MOST IMPORTANT VALUES FOR THE IN-GROUP, BY GROUP TYPE

So what?

Summary Results & Conclusions Family first, then work! But more so for Americans… Same groups, different values? Value boundaries more polarized in the US than France Value boundaries matter for civic and social life Going forward 1- Data coming in from Turkey and S. Korea 2- Analyses by group types 3- Mental mechanisms: fMRI

Acknowledgments Co-authors: Steven Hitlin (University of Iowa) Hye Won Kwon (University of Iowa) Research Assistants: Ethan Rogers (University of Iowa) Natalie Veldhouse (University of Iowa) Daniel Chung (University of Iowa) Research collaborators: Deniz Buyukgok (Istanbul University) Hakan Gurvit (Istanbul University) Vincent Magnotta (University of Iowa) Dan Tranel (University of Iowa) Sanghah Kim (Hanyang University) * This research is funded by the U.S. Department of Defense, Minerva Initiative

THANK YOU! Rengin B. Firat

SELF VALUES

LEAST PREFERRED GROUPS USFRANCE Ethnicity Combined: - Race/ethnicity+ Language+Immi grants+Religion: 46.9% Ethnicity Combined: - Race/ethnicity+ Language+Immi grants+Religion +Muslims: 56.2%