Brief Response “... the power of population is [far] greater than the power in the Earth to produce subsistence for man.” –Thomas Malthus What conclusion is the writer expressing in the quotation? Was his conclusion correct? Explain.

Brief Response Britain’s population explosion contributed to hunger, unemployment, and general misery. Malthus idea was that population growth would continue to outpace the food supply. He concluded that continued suffering and poverty was unavoidable. The conclusion was mostly incorrect. Today, the population is over 7 billion, but the food supply has increased even faster due to advances in agricultural methods. In the Western world, people in the last 60 years have been having fewer children, which slowed the population growth rate somewhat.

Urbanization— p. 203

Urbanization For most of human history, there were only a dozen cities. Most people lived in towns and villages. As Britons and Europeans were pushed off farmlands by technology, they migrated to –Towns –Colonies abroad Swollen towns became new cities. New health and social issues developed. Slowly, an improved standard of living developed.

Germ theory: The invention and use of the microscope allowed science to realize the existence of microbes. The idea developed that many diseases and infection were caused by these microscopic life forms.

Louis Pasteur: French chemist who studied microbes and disease. He connected them to each other. He made discoveries about rabies and anthrax. He also developed “pasteurization” (a heating process that kills microbes) for milk.

Robert Koch: German doctor who identified the tuberculosis bacterium. A cure for TB would take a few generations, but it was found.

Florence Nightingale: A British nurse, who developed ways to make hospitals cleaner and safer. –Using techniques she developed in the Crimean War, 1854, she made sure that all objects in the hospital were clean (sterile). utensils, sheets, clothes, beds, Doctors, nurses Patients She opened Britain’s first nursing school.

Joseph Lister: British (English) surgeon, researched how antiseptics prevented infection. Developed rules for surgeons to sterilize their instruments and hands before operating.

Urban renewal: Leaders in Western cities promoted demolition of slums and old sections replaced them with wide boulevards, squares, office buildings, department stores, government offices, theaters. Restaurants

Urban renewal: Many people were moved from their homes to make room –many were hired to do the work, They had money to find new homes in the city. The wealthy moved to quiet, bucolic suburbs –Mass transit took the rich into town to work…..

Mutual-aid society: an early form of labor union. –Workers created them when labor unions were illegal. Sick and injured workers were given assistance from the fellow members.

Standard of living: the measurement of the quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society.

Biography, p. 204 Question: By insisting military and medical staff clean barracks, dig latrines, do laundry, get wounded into clean beds.

Standards Check, p. 204 Question: Better diets, hygiene, medicine and sanitation.

Cause and Effect, p. 206 Social effects: –Expansion of the middle class –Public education –Reform movements –Pollution –Medical care –urbanization Economic effects: –Growth of labor unions –Rise of big business –Factories –New methods of production –New products –World trade

Standards Check, p. 206 More jobs Urban renewal Sanitation Entertainment Slum conditions Higher crime rates

Image, p. 207 Question: They were middle class people who could afford nice clothes and leisure activities.

Standards Check, p. 207 Question: Through protest and pressure on the government.

p. 209: Thinking Critically— Electricity's impact: Questions 1 –Russia –The United States –Russia was far behind, US was steadily expanding. 2 –Home lighting and heating –Eased housework, women had more free time. –Increased transportation and communication –Increased business productivity

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