History of the Ancient and Medieval World The High Middle Ages Folio 71v of Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry depicts Gregory leading a procession around the city to plead for respite from the plague. One of the monks has fallen to the illness. Les Très Riches Heures is a magnificent book of hours painted in the 15th century by the Limbourg Brothers and completed by Jean Colombe. Pope Gregory leads a Plague Procession (Source details on Notes Page)

Europe c. 1092

The First Crusade: Causes Basic New European spirit of adventure Europe recovering and expanding (politically and economically) New spirit of religious reform and spirituality

Causes: Intermediate Fractious nobles gaining in numbers but losing in importance Ambitious kings gaining in power and seeking law and order Christendom divided (1054) and Church seeking to bind wound Middle class merchants seeking direct contact with Muslim suppliers Pilgrims returning from the Holy Land with tales of desecrations The Route to the Holy Land

Causes: Immediate Seljuk Turks threaten Constantinople Byzantine Emperor appeals for help to Pope Urban II Urban gives impassioned speech calling on Christians to free the Holy Land. He says: Christians, hasten to help your brothers in the East, for they are being attacked. Arm for the rescue of Jerusalem under your captain Christ. Wear his cross as your badge. If you are killed your sins will be pardoned.

Crusades, Chivalry and Courtly Love À Mon Seul Désir Among other things, the tapestries represent the five senses. Each tapestry is usually referred to by the sense it depicts (Taste, Touch, Smell, Sound, Sight), with the sixth tapestry – which either introduces or concludes the series – known as À Mon Seul Désir (To My One Desire) for the words woven into it. The tapestries can be interpreted several ways – as a virgin seducing a unicorn, as a woman renouncing the physical world of the senses for the spiritual world, aas the Virgin Mary with Christ. The first is the most popular interpretation, and refers to the old belief that the unicorn is so wild it cannot be tamed, except by a virgin. If she sits in the woods, the unicorn will come and lay its head in her lap. À Mon Seul Désir (Details on Notes Page) The six tapestries made in the course of the story hang in the Musée National du Moyen Age (aka Cluny Museum) in Paris.

Chivalry and the Crusades Chivalry: A code* of knightly conduct, including: Duties to God Duties to Countrymen and fellow Christians Duties to Women *Actually, the idea of chivalry varied from one region of Europe to another and the term evolved over time. Thus, modern understanding of the word is worlds away from its medieval origins.

Courtly Love: Expressions of Chivalry Addressed practical necessities Wildly unrealizable ideals A relatively short-lived phenomenon Transformed into long-term habits of mind, expressions and customs. Blanche of Castile Granddaughter of Eleanor of Aquitaine Mother of Saint-Louis (IX) Regent of France

Summary: Cause and Effect

The Medieval Crusades: 200 years Impact and Legacy of Crusades-mixed Christian against Muslim, but also Christian against Christian. There were crusades against: Muslims - in “Holy Land” and Spain (Reconquista) Christians in Byzantium (Fourth Crusade) Christians in S. France (Albigensians) Christians in Kievan Rus (Teutonic Knights) Image from Sergei Eisenstein’s film, Alexander Nevsky

In-Class Activity 6 Terms and 4 Checkpoint Questions Geography (pp 257) Primary Source and Jerusalem (pp258-9) Predicting Consequences (slide 16) Practice Questions (link on last slide)

Primary Source: pp 258 What does Saladin’s response to King Richard’s demands show about him? Why did the Crusades leave a legacy of religious hatred? How did trade lead to a wider world view? Examine the visuals on Jerusalem, pp 259. What evidence suggests that the city is holy to three world religions? He is devoted to his religion and its holy place but he is also fair-minded and generous and able to understand its importance to his Christian adversaries. There were atrocities on both sides as well as unresolved claims over the holy city. Travel to other lands brought Europeans in contact with other customs, peoples and goods. Merchants from elsewhere introduced goods from elsewhere and initiated a demand for them.

Predicting Consequences How might Western Europe have developed differently if the Crusades had not taken place?

The Hundred Years War: 1337-1453 The Black Death The Black Death Approaches What words make this account chilling? How did Europeans react to this epidemic? What were the effects of the Black Death? The Hundred Years War: 1337-1453 Black smoke, rootless phantom, no mercy, woe is me Some turned to witchcraft and magic, others to wild pleasure or self-punishment. People hid from their neighbors, fled cities, blamed others (Jews) Huge death toll, breakdown of normal life and routines, economic decline as production dropped, inflation, unemployment, riots, social unrest, decline of religious life and leadership. New Weapons Turn the Tide: List weapons and technology each side used (pp 272) English French

Age of Despair: War, Plague and Religious Dissent Burning of John Hus, 1415 The Hundred Years War: 1338-1453 The Black Plague: Making Coffins

Identify the letters in context of High Middle Ages Map Review Auto-Tests: 3,4,5

Assignment 1 Read text, pages 255-258 and read slides 4-10 Define 2 terms and answer 2 Checkpoint questions Research definition of chivalry (Follow link.) What role did this code play in modifying behavior? Do Map Skills Assessment, pp. 257 SCA Film: The Crusades: Wed. 2/27 SCA, Cultural Achievements of Middle Ages: Hardcopy due Fri., 3/1 Chapter 8 Test: Thurs. 3/7 Good Masters! Sweet Ladies! Performance: Fri., 3/8

Assignment 2 Read text, pp 258-260 Define 4 terms and answer 2 Checkpoint questions. Read Primary Source, pp 258 and Infographic: Jerusalem answering 3 questions. Complete cause and effect graphic organizer (See pp 255, Note Taking model) Killed them because they saw them as heathens. Crusaders Capture Jerusalem Heathen: non-believer (to medieval Europeans, a non-Christian) How did the Franks treat those whom they conquered? Why?

Assignment 3 Read text pp. 269-271 Define 4 terms and answer 2 Checkpoint questions

See how much you know about her? Assignment 4 Read text, pp 271-273 Define 1 term and answer 1 Checkpoint question Do Interactive Map, pp 271 See how much you know about her? Take a quiz on Joan. Had a little difficulty? OK, go to….

Assignment 5 Time to Take Stock: The End is Approaching! Complete SCA for Term 3 New Opportunity: Military Through the Ages Organize Materials for Chapter 8 Test Prepare Performance: Good Masters, Sweet Ladies Military Through the Ages Jamestown Settlement (Instructions for Documentation available on Class Notes and Assignments for week) Weekend of March 16-17 http://www.visitwilliamsburg.com/williamsburg-events-calendar/event-detail/index.aspx?eid=959 Free with School ID   10 pts

Chapter 8 Test Format: map, matching/multiple choice questions, essay, document analysis. Suggestions: In addition to our assignments, study: Class and lecture notes, graphic organizers Text study aides, pp. 276, 278