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The language of chemistry

Chemical symbols are like the letters in the alphabet of chemistry Hill, J. and Petrucci, R General Chemistry Instructor’s Edition.USA: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

To describe compounds, chemical symbols are combined into chemical formulas, much as letters are combined to make words B2O3B2O3 Elements present two B atoms for every three O atoms Hill, J. and Petrucci, R General Chemistry Instructor’s Edition.USA: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

To describe compounds, chemical symbols are combined into chemical formulas, much as letters are combined to make words NH 3 Elements present one N atom for every three H atoms Hill, J. and Petrucci, R General Chemistry Instructor’s Edition.USA: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

TEACHER: Donald, what is the chemical formula for water? DONALD: H I J K L M N O TEACHER: What are you talking about? DONALD: Yesterday you said it's H to O

Naming compounds ionic compounds acids covalent compounds

Naming ionic compounds

Ionic compounds = cation + anion cation – positive ion (metal) anion –negative ion (nonmetal) NaCl cationanion Brown, T., E. LeMay, and B. Bursten Chemistry: The Central Science. 8 th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.

Cations formed from metal atoms have the same name as the metal Brown, T., E. LeMay, and B. Bursten Chemistry: The Central Science. 8 th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd. Na + sodium ion Ca 2+ calcium ion Al 3+ aluminum ion

If a metal can form cations of differing charges, metal(charge in Roman numerals) Fe 2+ iron(II) ion Fe 3+ iron(III) ion * Most of the metals that have variable charges are transition metals * If there is doubt whether a metal forms more than one type of cation, indicate the charge using Roman numerals Brown, T., E. LeMay, and B. Bursten Chemistry: The Central Science. 8 th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd. Cu + copper(I) ion Cu 2+ copper(II) ion

Polyatomic (many-atom) cations have special names Silberberg, M Principles of General Chemistry. 2 nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. NH 4 + ammonium ion H 3 O + hydronium ion

For monoatomic (one-atom) anions, drop the ending of the name of the element and replace it with -ide Brown, T., E. LeMay, and B. Bursten Chemistry: The Central Science. 8 th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd. N 3- nitride ion O 2- oxide ion F - fluoride ion

Polyatomic anions have special names Silberberg, M Principles of General Chemistry. 2 nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.

For polyatomic anions containing oxygen (oxyanions) and a specific element, prefixes are used Brown, T., E. LeMay, and B. Bursten Chemistry: The Central Science. 8th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd. Silberberg, M Principles of General Chemistry. 2 nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. ClO 4 - perchlorate ClO 3 - chlorate ClO 2 - chlorite ClO - hypochlorite

If H + is added to an oxyanion, add the prefix hydrogen or dihydrogen (as appropriate) CO 3 2- carbonate ion HCO 3 - hydrogen carbonate ion PO 4 3- phosphate ion H 2 PO 4 - dihydrogen phosphate ion Brown, T., E. LeMay, and B. Bursten Chemistry: The Central Science. 8 th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd. * Each H + reduces the negative charge of the parent anion by one

To name an ionic compound, give the cation name followed by the anion name Brown, T., E. LeMay, and B. Bursten Chemistry: The Central Science. 8 th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd. BaBr 2 barium bromide K 2 SO 4 potassium sulfate CuCl 2 copper(II) chloride

To name an ionic compound, give the cation name followed by the anion name Brown, T., E. LeMay, and B. Bursten Chemistry: The Central Science. 8 th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd. Al(NO 3 ) 3 aluminum nitrate* ** When writing the chemical symbol of an ionic compound, start with the cation followed by the anion. If possible, reduce the subscripts to lowest terms * For ionic compounds with more than one polyatomic ion group of the same type [i.e. three NO 3 - in Al(NO 3 ) 3 ], enclose the polyatomic ion’s formula in parenthesis before affixing the subscript

Naming acids

An acid is a substance that yields H + when dissolved in water HCl  H + + Cl - H 2 SO 4  2H + + SO 4 2- Brown, T., E. LeMay, and B. Bursten Chemistry: The Central Science. 8 th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.

If the anion that accompanies the H + ends in –ide: 1) add the prefix –hydro 2) change –ide to –ic acid AnionCorresponding Acid Cl - (chloride)HCl (hydrochloric acid) S 2- (sulfide)H 2 S (hydrosulfuric acid) Brown, T., E. LeMay, and B. Bursten Chemistry: The Central Science. 8 th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.

If the anion that accompanies the H + ends in –ate: 1) change –ate to –ic acid AnionCorresponding Acid ClO 3 - (chlorate)HClO 3 (chloric acid) ClO 4 - (perchlorate)HClO 4 (perchloric acid) Brown, T., E. LeMay, and B. Bursten Chemistry: The Central Science. 8 th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.

If the anion that accompanies the H + ends in –ite: 1) change –ite to –ous acid AnionCorresponding Acid ClO - (hypochlorite)HClO (hypochlorous acid) ClO 2 - (chlorite)HClO 2 (chlorous acid) Brown, T., E. LeMay, and B. Bursten Chemistry: The Central Science. 8 th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.

Naming covalent compounds

Covalent compounds = nonmetal + nonmetal NONO nonmetal

Greek prefixes are used to indicate the number of atoms of each element Brown,, E. LeMay, and B. Bursten Chemistry: The Central Science. 8 th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd. Chang, R Chemistry 7 th ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill.

The first element that appears is named as is, the second element is given an –ide ending Cl 2 Odichlorine monoxide N 2 O 4 dinitrogen tetroxide P 4 S 10 tetraphosphorus decasulfide NF 3 nitrogen trifluoride * When the prefix ends in a or o and the name of the second element begins with a vowel, drop the a or o * The prefix mono is never used with the first element Brown, T., E. LeMay, and B. Bursten Chemistry: The Central Science. 8 th ed. Phils: Pearson Education Asia Pte. Ltd.