* Shofar: the ram’s horn * Pa’amon: a bell or jingle * Halil: double reed of the oboe family * Keren: a horn or trumpet * Mashrokitha: a set of pipes

* Reading Outline #10 will be due a week from today Thursday November 12th Ethnomusicology Project: Musical examples and completed interviews are due Tuesday Nov 10 th

* Toccata and Fugue: JS Bach

In what part of the world is Israel located? What are two languages associated with the Jews? Name a few Jewish holidays What is the toy Jewish children use for one of the holidays? What instrument did Fievel the mouse’s father play?

* Israel was a people of nomads and shepherd tribes. * In the earliest times of Judaica, it is the peasant and the shepherd who they glorify in their song. * Sumerian civilization was a great influence on Jewish culture. * Sumerian civilization goes back to 3000 BC. * The Sumerians most favored the softer stringed instruments: a large type of lyre, harps and the lute. * The cattle drivers and shepherds of Israel eased the boredom of their wanderings by singing and piping their songs or strumming the lyre, giving free reign to their emotions and feelings.

* The Israelites were enslaved by the Egyptians. * Moses led the Exodus out of Egypt—he parted the Red Sea. * The quiet and mild music of the Old Kingdom was superseded by Egyptian influences including a noisy, exciting, and many-colored tonal art. * The shofar was covered so that the worshippers may not see it. In many primitive civilizations the sight of sacred objects is denied to the people. * Jewish women on African Isle of Djerba and in the Jewish Yemenite community have preserved ancient songs from this time. * The Jewish sacred text is known as the “Torah” * The Pentateuch is: the first five books of the Torah.

1400 BC Joshua fights the battle of Jericho, shofar sounded on holy days 1312 BC Exodus from Egypt, Egyptian instruments adopted BC Era of King David-The temple era He played the Kinnor 960 BC King Solomon’s Temple Completed 586 BC First temple is destroyed 516 BC second temple consecrated- Psalms composed 70 AD Second temple destroyed In small groups, write the dates and events on a slip of paper, tie it to a string and tie it to a hanger creating a Kinnor time-line.

* What other country could this music originate from? * Is there harmony in this—or does everyone sing the melody? * Which takes precedence (which is more important): the words or the tune?

* These chants are of a form commonly known as antiphony that is to say, with the choruses alternating and responding to each other. * The ancient temple liturgy ascribed special melodies to each portion of the holy scriptures that figured in the service, and each melody was composed of either 2 modal motifs or of 3 or 4 motifs sung in alternation. * Only the fervent and clamorous prayer will be heard and eventually granted.

* Hallel means songs of praise recited at Passover. * They repeat the word Hallelujah at the end of each phrase * “The stone which the builders rejected has become the headstone in the corner” The law of God was written on stone tablets, becoming the root of Jewish tradition. * In chanting the words “Blessed is he that cometh in the name of the Lord” there is a pause between “cometh” and “in the name of the Lord” because when a righteous man departs from the world the holy spirit itself will complete the psalm “in the name of the Lord”. * The psalm finishing with the words “For his mercy endureth forever”.

* What is a pa’amon?

* Which civilization predated Judaism and greatly influenced it?

* What year did Joshua fight the battle of Jerico?

What is the musical term for when choruses alternate and respond to each other?