Pharmacology II

( ) Take by mouth and swallowed More convenient, economical, and safer Absorbed slowly and unpredictable rate Includes: – Solids – Liquids – Powders – Misc.

Solid Oral Medications ( ) ( )- meds that have unpleasant odor or taste; contain powder, granules ( )- hard meds in a candy or fruit base

Solid Oral Meds Facts Do not give to someone who is unconscious, vomiting or unable to ( ) Enteric-coated should be swallowed ( ) Sustained-release tablets should not be ( ) Do not swallow buccal or SL tablets or take with H2O Do not open timed-release products

Liquid Oral Preparations ( )- meds in which the active ingredient as been dissolved in a liquid ( )- med is distributed as particles throughout the liquid – Most common type is suspension ( )- cross between liquid and capsule

Oral Liquid Med Facts Gelcap- mouth needs to be moist If adding a syrup to another liquid (juice)- person must drink entire amount Elixirs-often have high sugar content Always ( ) suspension before administering Oral liquid ( ) are given by dropper or straw to prevent staining of teeth

Misc. Oral Meds ( )- tend to float on surface of liquid ( )- larger and of irregular shape

Percutaneous Meds Also called ( ) Applied to skin and mucous membranes for local effect Topical- application of meds directly to any body surface ( )- absorption of a drug through the skin using a form of topical application

Percutaneous Meds Facts Sites of application should be rotated ( ) should be wrapped before disposal Person applying patch should wear gloves

Parenteral Meds Those given by ( ) Come in vials, ampules, or premeasured cartridges May have to be reconstituted

Other Forms Implants or pellets- placed under the skin – Used for long-term controlled release of meds Tampons ( )- water-based solutions used to irrigate any part of the body Medicated enemas ( )

VARIABLES AFFECTING DRUG DOSAGE

Age Many drugs do not have dosages established for all age groups ( ) are rarely studied Young may be more sensitive to meds due to immature body organs Older adults are more sensitive due to organ degeneration

Weight Adults doses based on average age and body weight ( ) Dosages may be adjusted for those who do not fall into “normal”

Diet Certain drug effects may be altered by diet High-fat diet may slow metabolism of some drugs ( )-more intense response Gender Women may react more strongly than men

Diseases ( ) disorders impair metabolism and excretion Hx of Previous Meds Long-term use of a drug may result in accumulation May result in reduced response due to tolerance

Meds during pregnancy and Lactation 1 st trimester- greatest risk for fetal defects or abnormalities Using recreational drugs, alcohol, and smoking are causes for ( ) effects Can not have ( ) vaccine Tetracycline can stain babies teeth later All drugs cross placenta to some degree If possible, lactating mother needs to take meds immediately after feeding

FDA Pregnancy Categories ( )- remote risk of fetal harm ( )- slightly more risk – Either animals have not demonstrated risk to fetus but studies are inadequate in women – Animal studies have demonstrated adverse effects but studies have not demonstrated effects in pregnancy ( )- greater risk than B – Either animal studies have shown adverse effects but no adequate studies in women – No studies have been done

FDA Pregnancy Categories ( )-proven risk of fetal harm – Studies in women have shown proof of fetal damage but may still be given ( )- proves fetal risk – Risks outweigh benefits

Medication Use in Children Ability to absorb, metabolize, and excrete meds is different than adults ( ) have intense responses to some drugs due to organ systems not developed ( ) measured for dosage