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©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company In insects such as this grasshopper, circulation is an open system The “blood” of a grasshopper contains a greenish hemocyanin rather than the red hemoglobin for oxygen transport. The “blood” reenters the circulation system via the ostia for anterior flow. Seems inefficient for an active animal! Circulation is not for gas exchange; uses trachea system. Body movement increases rate when more nutrients are needed.

Hemolymph Circulation in Dorsal Vessel of Insects

Lumbriculus variegatus : California mudworm This is an aquatic oligochaete annelid Mouth feeds in sediments Tail extends toward water surface for gas exchange Body walls nearly transparent for easy observation For example: may count pulses of blood in dorsal vessel /F00005.html

©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Circulation in Lumbricus terrestris (showing just the left arches) aortic arch What is NOT shown well in this cartoon?Gas exchange!

©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Evolution of circulation systems among vertebrate classes or BIRD Homeotherms! Two capillary beds means slower flow, but gills are efficient Incomplete separation of two sides means mixing blood of different quality. Amphibians have skin exchange and reptiles have laminar flow. See Fig pg 920

Respiratory/Circulatory Systems Fig 45.1 Page 903 Ventilation system

©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Circulation system in mammal (Homo sapiens) absorbing nutrients gas exchange glucose control nitrogenous waste gas exchange nutrient exchange blood cell replacement muscular pump

©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Blood movement within the four-chambered heart of vertebrates return from body …to lung …from lung …to body Note: arteries take blood away from the heart…veins return to heart The difference is NOT about whether the blood is oxygenated or not! tricuspid valve semilunar valve mitral valve

©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company Heart relaxes: atria filled by system pressure Atria contract: ventricles filled, valves close Ventricles contract: blood sent to lungs and body Heart relaxes: system pressure closes valves LUB DUB!!

©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company initial instrinsic stimulus from “pacemaker” atrial contraction “LUB” “DUB” and Purkinje fibers ventricular contraction Frog Lab Exercise: neural and intrinsic control The sounds are the slamming of valves…contraction is silent!