Bell-Ringer Pick up Reformation and Enlightenment and turn to page 159. We will be reading “And Yet, it Does Move!” about Galileo and answering the discussion questions at the end as a class!

Chapter 22, Section 2 “The Enlightenment in Europe”

I.Two Views on Government A. Enlightenment 1. new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems B. Hobbes’s Social Contract 1. Thomas Hobbes a. published Leviathan 1. believed humans were naturally selfish and wicked 2. government was needed to keep order b. social contract 1. to avoid miserable life, people must hand over their rights to a strong ruler in exchange for law and order 2. such government was an absolute monarchy Thomas Hobbes

C. Locke’s Natural Rights 1. John Locke a. people learn from experience and improve themselves b. favored idea of self-government c. all people are born free and equal with 3 natural rights 1. life, liberty, and property d. purpose of government is to protect these rights e. foundation of modern democracy John Locke

II.The Philosophes Advocate Reason A. Philosophes 1. social critics of this period 2. believed people could apply reason to all aspects of life 3. 5 concepts formed the core of their beliefs a. reason: truth could be discovered through logical thinking b. nature: what was natural was also good and reasonable c. happiness: urged people to seek well-being on earth d. progress: society and humankind could improve e. liberty: called for liberties English won in Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights

B. Voltaire Combats Intolerance 1. Voltaire a. often used satire against opponents b. targeted clergy, aristocracy, and government c. Fought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief, and freedom of speech d. “I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.” Voltaire

C. Montesquieu and the Separation of Powers 1. Baron de Montesquieu a. published On the Spirit of Laws 1. separation of powers would keep any individual or group from gaining total control of the gov’t b. “Power should be a check to power.” 1. checks and balances 2. became basis for U.S. Constitution D. Rousseau: Champion of Freedom 1. Jean Jacques Rousseau a. civilization corrupted people’s natural goodness b. A good government was a direct-democracy c. published The Social Contract 1. agreement among free individuals to create society and a government 2. all people were equal; nobility titles should be abolished

E. Beccaria Promotes Criminal Justice 1. Beccaria a. believed laws preserved social order b. advocated speedy trial c. torture should never be used d. capital punishment should be abolished Becceria

III.Women and the Enlightenment A. Mary Astell 1. published A Serious Proposal to the Ladies a. addressed lack of educational opportunities for women b. unequal relationship between men & women in marriage B. Mary Wollstonecraft 1. published A Vindication of the Rights of Women a. women needed educ. to become virtuous & useful b. urged women to enter male-dominated jobs Mary Wollstonecraft

IV.Legacy of the Enlightenment A. Belief in Progress 1. growth of scientific knowledge quickened 2. argued for end to slavery & greater social equality B. More Secular Outlook 1. mysteries of the universe can be explained mathematically 2. rid religious faith of superstition & fear 3. promote tolerance of all religions C. Importance of the Individual 1. use individual ability to determine right or wrong 2. gov’t was formed by individuals to promote their welfare

Major Ideas and Thinkers of the Enlightenment ThinkerIdeaImpact LockeNatural Rights – Life, Liberty, Property Fundamental to the Declaration of Independence MontesquieuSeparation of powerFrance, U.S., and Latin American nations use separation of powers in new constitutions VoltaireFreedom of thought and expression Guaranteed in U.S. Bill of Rights & French Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen; European monarchs reduce or eliminate censorship BeccariaAbolishment of tortureGuaranteed in U.S. Bill of Rights; torture outlawed or reduced in nations of Europe & the Americas VoltaireReligious freedomGuaranteed in U.S. Bill of Rights and French Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen; European monarchs reduce persecution WollstonecraftWomen’s equalityWomen’s rights groups in Europe & North America

Daily Essential Questions 1.What are the natural rights with which people are born with, according to John Locke? 2.Who were the philosophes and what did they advocate? 3.What was the legacy of the Enlightenment?

Major Ideas and Thinkers of the Enlightenment ThinkerIdeaImpact LockeNatural Rights – ___________ _________________________ Fundamental to the _____________ ______________________________ Montesquieu_______________________________________________________ nations use separation of powers in new constitutions VoltaireFreedom of _______________ ________________________ Guaranteed in __________________ ________ & French Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen; _______ ______________________________ BeccariaAbolishment of _______________ Guaranteed in _________________; torture ________________________ in nations of Europe & the Americas Voltaire_________________________Guaranteed in __________________ _______ & French Declaration of the Rights of Man & Citizen; European monarchs _____________________ Wollstonecraft_______________________________________________________ in Europe & North America