The Philosophes p. 656 Jigsaw Reading – Take turns reading the section – When a paragraph is over or when something important seems to be said, write it down – We will discuss your understanding of the topic.

The Philosophes Associated with France People who favored change, championed reform, and advocated toleration Could be found at universities and coffee houses Were usually for; expansion of trade, improvement of agriculture and transportation, invention of new manufacturing industries

The Basic Tenets of the Philosophes A.Human society is governed by Natural Laws. B.These Natural Laws can be discovered by rational men. C.Human society can turn from traditional, authoritarian forms, and progress toward a more perfect government through rational thought.

Women and Salons Large rooms in upper-middle class homes used for leisure  transformed into gathering places for men and women of the Enlightenment Womens’ most direct contribution to the movement  they controlled guest list, ideas to be discussed, invited philosophes to speak, and created international correspondence networks to spur the exchange of ideas Other venues of ideas: coffee houses, Masonic Lodges (free masons)

The Spread of Ideas What were the three forums available to Europeans to discuss Enlightened ideas? Associate class with location along with characteristics Involvement of women

The Encyclopedie (1751) Edited by Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d’Alembert Collective work of more than one hundred authors from the Republic of Letters (France) Between 14,000 and 16,000 copies sold before 1789 Aimed to secularize learning, classify knowledge, and make it available to everyone Contributions by Voltaire, Montesquieu, and Rousseau

Enlightened Topics addressed Fanaticism (religion) Government Humanity Peace The Press Manufacturing Agriculture

Illustrations from the Encyclopedie Study your illustration Make a list of what you can learn from the illustration Should this image have been included in the Encyclopedie? Why or why not?

The Encyclopedie Why would an encyclopedia have been banned? How would it “enlighten” people? Where did people get information before the publication of these books? What would having information do for people?

Censorship Temporarily banned by the French gov’t and King Louis XV; put on the Index of Forbidden Books Highly critical of monarchical authority Diderot imprisoned at one point

Extra Credit Come up with your own illustration for a contemporary encyclopedia on a subject in which you feel should be included Title Explain how invention changed life and its importance Quality counts

Baruch Spinoza Nature of Man  The free man will desire nothing for himself that he will not desire for mankind Nature of Gov’t  There is only one kind of aggression that is just; a universal aggressiveness for peace Nature of Knowledge  only knowledge will provide freedom and power; pursuit of happiness will come from knowledge

Diderot on philosophy  proposed a systematic organization of knowledge written by authorities – Instruct the public on the virtues of natural law Diderot on society  promote the concept of equality and the views of Voltaire

Voltaire Attacks Religious Fanaticism P. 661 textbook Read excerpt and answer – What is Voltaire’s main reason for attacking religion?