Plant Vocabulary Define 1. Photosynthesis 2. Eukaryotic 3. Monocot 4. Dicot 5. Cotyledon 6. Roots 7. Stems 8. Leaves 9. Xylem 10. Phloem 11. Capillary action 12. Meristem 13. Apical meristem 14. Vascular Cambium 15. Gymnosperm 16. Angiosperm 17. Female cone 18. Male cone 19. Stamen 20. Carpel 21. Sepal 22. Petal 23. Stigma 24. Style 25. Ovary 26. Filament 27. Anther 28. Pollinator 29. Seed coat 30. Fruits

What makes a plant a plant? Plants What makes a plant a plant? Plants are Eukaryotic. Plants have cell walls. Plants make their own energy through photosynthesis What other characteristics can you recall?

What plants need to survive 1. Sunlight 2. Water 3. CO2 & Oxygen 4. Nutrient and water movement

Early Plants Photosynthetic bacteria - as early as 1.5 BYA All early plants were heavily dependent on water Photosynthetic bacteria - as early as 1.5 BYA (billion years ago) Algae – around 750 MYA to 1 BYA (million years ago) Mosses and ferns Earliest relatives Cooksonia – 470 MYA

Plant Distribution

Plant Essay: Think of your everyday activities. Discuss the importance plants have on your daily life. In 4 to 6 paragraphs elaborate (give details) on 5 examples of how plants impact all of those activities.

Types of plants Nonvascular Plants (Bryophytes): - lack tissue to move water and sap throughout the plant - small, short plants that most live in moist environment (mosses, liverworts, hornworts

Types of plants (cont’d) II. Vascular Plants (3 Subdivisions): 1. Seedless Vascular (ferns, horsetails, clubmosses) - sperm travels in water to reach egg 2. Naked Seed Vascular called Gymnosperms (Conifers, cycads, ginkos) - Male cones release pollen in the spring, which is spread by the wind - Female cones release sticky fluid to capture pollen - Overtime, pollen burrows into female cone’s ovule to reach & fertilize egg - Eventually cone falls and turns into conifer tree

Gymnosperm Reproduction Gymnosperms have both male and female cones Male cones – usually found at the highest parts of the tree. Contain pollen that is carried by wind to female cones Female cones – usually found lower on the tree than male cones. Will open to take in pollen then close tightly for germination, then open again to release the seeds

Types of plants (cont’d) II. Vascular Plants (3 Subdivisions): c. Protected Seed Vascular called Angiosperms (Flowering plants, grasses, deciduous trees) - Angiosperms are seperated into 2 categories Monocotyledons (seeds which create 1 leaf when sprouting & Dicotyledons (seeds which create 2 leaves when sprouting) - Flower grows to attract pollinators & house the ovule with eggs inside as well as holding sperm that will release pollen - Once eggs are fertilized the ovule becomes fruit which protects the seeds

Flowering Plants Two different Types: Monocots and Dicots 1. Monocot Characteristics Single Cotyledon – a seed that creates a single leaf at sprouting Leaves with parallel veins Flower parts in multiples of three (3) Vascular tissue throughout the stem Fiberous root system Monocots are usually “grassy” plants Examples : Corn, Bamboo, Sugar Cane, and grass.

2. Dicot Characteristics Two cotyledons Leaves with branched veins Flower parts in multiples of four (4) or five (5) Vascular tissue in a ring in the stem Tap root systems Dicots are usually non-grassy with branching stems which may be woody Examples : Most trees, roses, daisies,

Comparative Characteristics.

Another view of the seeds of Monocots and Dicots

Plant Type Questions What is a gymnosperm? Angiosperm? Define Xylem and Phloem. Differentiate nonvascular and vascular plant. Why most nonvascular plants live so close to water? Why most seedless vascular plants live so close to water?

Characteristics / Structure Plants are able to perform a variety of functions due to their specialized cells and tissues. Use resources available to you to fill in the table below. Cell / Tissue Type Characteristics / Structure Functions Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma Dermal Tissues Vascular Tissues Ground Tissues Meristematic Tissues

Roots, Stems, and Leaves Seed plants generally have three structures - a system for absorbing dissolved nutrients and water, and anchoring. Stems - a structure used to support the body of the plant, and store sugar. Leaves - the main photosynthetic region of the plant.

How does a plant get water and nutrients around in the plant? Xylem Tissue - cells that make hollow tubes that are water-proof and allow water to rise in a plant (capillary action) Phloem Tissue - cells that form tubes that allow foods and minerals to move in the plant

Xylem Phloem

How do plants grow? Meristematic Tissue Apical Meristem - tissue that allows the plant to grow up, down, or out. Apical Meristem Root tip - the meristematic tissue that allows growth at the tips of the root and the tips of the branch Bundles in a non-woody plant Vascular Cambium meristematic tissue in the outer layer of the stem/trunk that allows growth outward (thicker)

Angiosperm Flower Parts (Complete flower) Complete flowers have four parts. Stamen – male part anther and filament 2. Carpel (pistil) –female part stigma, style and ovary 3. Sepals – protection for flower during development 4. Petals – protection for flower as well as attracting pollinators

The Stamen have a stalk (filament) that is tipped with a pad (anther) covered in pollen grains that are barbed, or sticky. The Carpel is “vase-shaped” with a ovary filled with waiting seeds, a long stalk (style), and a sticky top (stigma).

Creation of a seed 1. When a pollen grain reaches the stigma, it sticks and begins to grow a “root”. 2. The root of the pollen continues down the style until it reaches the ovary. 3. When it reaches the seed, it fuses with it and creates a fertilized seed.

Fruits are used to protect the seed, and also to get animals to eat the seed for dispersal elsewhere.

Once the Dicot seed is planted, it follows a very specific process. 1. It opens the seed coat and releases it’s embryonic root and stem 2. Upon emerging from the ground, the cotyledons open and the first leaves appear. 3. Meristematic tissue continues development past the first pair of leaves (both roots and stems) 1. 2. 3.

Monocots follow the same three steps. 1. 2. 3.