ISE 3111 Macroergonomics The analysis, design, and evaluation of work systems. Concerned with the ‘human-organization’ interface. Top-down approach concerned with: l Personnel subsystems l Technology subsystems l Organizational structure l External environment Key issues of concern: l How do organizational constraints affect how people work with machines (i.e., human-machine systems) l What factors come into play when people work together in groups?

ISE 3112 Six Ergonomics Guidelines 1.Plan the work, then work the plan. 2.Reward results. 3.Optimize system availability. 4.Minimize idle capacity. 5.Use filler jobs or filler people. 6.Communicate information.

ISE 3113 In-class assignment Assume you are planning to start a new fast-food business designed to be both customer-friendly AND worker- friendly. Your mission statement includes, among other things, a pledge to use the principles of macroergonomics as a guiding force for the business. 1.Work in your project groups. Use your homework assignment as a guide for the following: a.Approach the problem from the perspective of specific guidelines outlined in chapter 11. b.Use the ‘thinking hats’ method to develop and discuss ideas, focusing in on the ‘hat’ your group chose first. c.After 2 minutes, you will switch hats with another group and work on additional ideas. d.Your deliverables include a list of one or more ideas and suggestions based on the ‘thinking hats’ approach (you will need to specify which ‘hat’ you were working under.)

ISE 3114 White Hat:Red Hat:Black Hat: Yellow Hat:Green Hat:Blue Hat:

ISE 3115 G1. Plan the Work, Then Work the Plan Plan the Work 1.List goals. 2.Set goal priorities. 3.Make a “to do” list. 4.Set activity priorities. Work the Plan 1. Start with A’s, not with C’s. 2. Do it now. 3. Cut big activities into bits.

ISE 3116 G2. Reward Results Get people to work hard and smart. Types of motivation: l Positive Internal (self-motivation) External –Financial –Nonfinancial l Negative

ISE 3117 G3. Optimize System Availability Availability = Uptime ÷ Total Time Strategies to improve availability: l Increase uptime. l Decrease downtime. l Make loss of availability less costly.

ISE 3118 G4. Minimize Idle Capacity: Fixed Costs l Annual cost of many machines and people varies little with output. l Solutions: Operate more hours/year. Use pools. Revise work schedules. Encourage off-peak use. Variable Costs l Some team members are more expensive than others. l In the U.S. the expensive part of the team is usually human labor. l Solutions: Duplicate components. Idle low-cost components (use double tooling). Do not use one on one.

ISE 3119 G5. Use Filler Jobs or Filler People Problem: Match worker time to job requirements. Strategies: 1. Adjust the workload but keep the workforce constant. 2. Adjust the workforce but keep the workload constant.

ISE Adjust the Workload Break longer jobs into shorter jobs. Do short, low-priority jobs during idle time. Use scheduling to decrease idle time. Assign more work to subordinates than they have time to do.

ISE Adjust the Workforce Use staggered work times. l Different workers have different start and stop times. l The business can be open more hours with no additional cost. l Consider compressed work weeks and flexible schedules. l Require vacations to be taken during slack times. Use temporary workers. l Usually cost more. l Allow the business to staff for the bottom of the business cycle and have a no-layoff policy for core staff. l Can be removed from the payroll quickly. Use part-time workers.

ISE G6. Communicate Information Provide job instruction or training. Provide command and control: short messages that trigger behavior patterns.