In the Name of God

Topics for discussion Authors ( Pysically ! ) - Title page - Different journal formats

Topics for discussion Authorship ( Metaphysically ! ) - Importance and sensitivity - Definitions and criteria - Problems - Solutions

Title page Names Highest academic degree Affiliation The name of the department(s) and institution(s) to which the work should be attributed Disclaimers if any to be continued

Title page Corresponding authors. The name, mailing address, telephone and fax numbers, and address The name and address of the author to whom requests for reprints should be addressed or a statement that reprints will not be available from the authors Source of support in the form of grants, equipment, drugs

Uniform requirement and corresponding author The corresponding author should indicate clearly whether his or her address is to be published. Corresponding author : responsible for correspondence about the manuscript (may or may not be the "guarantor" for the integrity of the study as a whole, if someone is identified in that role. )

Authors’ Names - Full Names - Order - If > 2 authors, separate by commas except for last one (, and )

Academic degree Usually the highest one Sometimes no more than two graduate degrees eg NEJM

Authors’ address Should conform to the style of the journal Should be complete

Do not forget that A basic rule is to read the instructions to authors.

Authorship - Importance and sensitivity - Definitions and criteria - Problems - Solutions

Importance of authorship Scientists "invest their lives in their research and in each manuscript"

Importance of authorship Academic life revolves around publication Publication brings fame Research evaluation is based on publication Grants depend on/demand publication

Publication evaluation Quantity Quality

Decision about Authorship The most sensitive part of writing a paper

Authorship Definition and Criteria

Uniform Requirements II.A Authorship and Contributorship II.A.1. Byline Authors “Author" : someone who has made substantive intellectual contributions to a published study

Uniform Requirements Authorship credit should be based on 1) substantial contributions to conception and design, or acquisition of data, or analysis and interpretation of data; 2) drafting the article or revising it critically for important intellectual content; and 3) final approval of the version to be published. Authors should meet conditions 1, 2, and 3.

Uniform Requirements Acquisition of funding, collection of data, or general supervision of the research group, alone, does not justify authorship.

Uniform Requirements Each author should have participated sufficiently in the work to take public responsibility for appropriate portions of the content.

Uniform Requirements Some journals now also request that one or more authors, referred to as "guarantors," be identified as the persons who take responsibility for the integrity of the work as a whole, from inception to published article, and publish that information.

Uniform Requirements Increasingly, authorship of multi- center trials is attributed to a group. All members of the group who are named as authors should fully meet the above criteria for authorship.

Why ?! The publication system demands that everyone who is an author is deeply involved in the project so that the group of scientists claiming authorship can also share responsibility.

Authorship both – accountability & – independence

Order of authors’ names Order of the author should be a joint decision of the authors

Order of authors’s names The sequence of authors should be determined by the relative overall contributions to the manuscript

Order of authors’s names It is common practice to have the senior author appear last, sometimes regardless of his or her contribution.

First Author Should have... adapted a hypothesis defined precise methods participated in a major way in analysis and interpretation of results written the paper

First Author The first author should be that person who contributed most to the work, including writing of the manuscript

Co-Author Should have made significant contributions to the planning and execution of the research, the methods and procedures, the collection and analysis of the data, etc.

Senior Author formulated the original hypothesis or provided significant intellectual resources & provided constructive criticism of the manuscript & accepted responsibility for the findings and the authorship

For young authors There are two positions that count: first and last. And attached to either position is the status associated with being the author for correspondence.

For young authors The best combination is to be first author and the author for correspondence.

As your career progresses, being last author and author for correspondence signals that this is a paper from your lab, you are the main person responsible for its contents, and a younger colleague has made major contributions to the paper, hence they are listed first.

Order of authors’ names The senior author sometimes takes responsibility for writing the paper, especially when the research student has not yet learned the skills of scientific writing. The senior author then becomes the corresponding author, but should the student be the first author?

Order of authors’ names Some supervisors put their students first, others put their own names first. Perhaps it should be decided on the absolute amount of time spent on the project by the student (in getting the data) and the supervisor (in providing help and in writing the paper). Or perhaps the supervisor should be satisfied with being corresponding author, regardless of time committed to the project

Order of authors’ names A sensible policy adopted by many supervisors is to give the student a fixed period of time to write the first draft of the paper. If the student does not deliver, the supervisor may then write the paper and put her or his own name first.

Most scientists have their own policy ! Whatever policy your supervisor or colleagues have, there are usually good reasons for them: tradition, experience, or just the plain old selfish genes that we all carry.

How to avoid problems with authorship? First, agree with your collaborators that you will follow the international guidelines. Second, agree before starting the research who will be an author, and if necessary discuss why each person should be an author. Third, agree on the tentative order of authors and on who will be corresponding author.

Honorary vs Ghost ! Honorary authors: named authors who have not met authorship criteria Ghost authors : individuals not named as authors but who contributed substantially to the work

Prevalence of Articles With Honorary Authors and Ghost Authors in Peer- Reviewed Medical Journals - 19% had evidence of honorary authors - 11% had evidence of ghost authors - 2% had evidence of both. (JAMA. 1998;280: )(JAMA. 1998;280: )

Honorary authorship –Three large studies – 26% of 1,014 authors in 10 journals (Shapiro et al 1994) – 17% of 884 authors in AJR (Sloan1996) – 19% of 809 articles in Ann Intern Med, JAMA, N Engl J Med

Honarary authorship –Three specialty journals (Flanagin et al, 1998)— – 16% of research articles – 26% of review articles – 21% of editorials and commentaries

Gost authorship – Largest study – 11% of 809 articles in Ann Intern Med, JAMA, N Engl J Med –Three specialty journals (Flanagin et al, 1998) – 13% of research articles – 10% of review articles – 6% of editorials and commentaries

Authorship –What Doesn’t Count  Providing or recruiting study patients or other material  Collecting interview data or other specimens or measurements  Coordinating the data collection process

Authorship –What Doesn’t Count  Supervision of first author, Chair of dept., Chief of division, director of laboratory, etc.  Statistical advice (alone)  Data entry, processing, or management  Providing or helping obtain space, money, staff, or other resources

Authors’ contribution vs Contributors

Example for authors’ contribution Shahin Akhondzadeh (principle investigator and statistical support, clinical neuropsychopharmacologist) Mohammad Reza Mohammadi (clinical coordinator, psychiatrist) Hassan Mohajeri (trialist,resident of psychiatry ) Homayoun Amini (clinical coordinator, psychiatrist )

Comments on Vancouver criteria The Vancouver criteria suggest that all authors should have a significant input to the design, organisation, analysis and write up of a study. This is over the top, even with the best will in the world it is rarely possible for more than 3 people to have a significant input to all areas of a study. The authors would be falling over each other. to be continued

Comments on Vancouver criteria In reality the best that is usually achieved is each author offers a specific expertise and all authors comment on the final draft of the manuscript. Only the primary author is truly involved in all aspects of the study. Stuart Derbyshire

Technical assictance some journals allow a "With technical assistance from" byline after the listing of authors. Others encourage such acknowledgments to be put at the end of the paper.

What is conflict of interest? A person has a conflict of interest when he or she has an attribute that is invisible to the reader or editor but which may affect his or her judgement.

Authorship How easy it is to get into gray areas about right and wrong!