Pierre AUGER Observatory Jan Ridky Institute of Physics AS CR For Pierre Auger collaboration

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR072 astro-particle physics spectrum sources anisotropy acceleration composition …… Mission of Pierre Auger Observatory : spectrum interactions X-sections (p-Air ) acceleration neutrinos …. spectrum & MC

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR073 Energy spectrum (a one-century quest!) 1 part/m 2 /s Limit for satellites knee: 1 part/m 2 /year 32 orders of magnitude! 12 orders of magnitude! ankle : 1 part/km 2 /century! Is there any end? What kind of end if any?

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR074

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR075 The Auger Collaboration 15+2 Countries 60+ Institutions 350+ Scientists ArgentinaNetherlands Australia Poland Bolivia(*) Portugal Brazil Slovenia Czech RepublicSpain France United Kingdom Germany USA Italy Vietnam(*) Mexico (*) Associate countries

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR076 Pierre Auger Observatory detectors km 2 area 1.5 km spacing

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR077 Pierre Auger Observatory Hybrid detector combined virtues of surface detector and fluorescence detector 2 independent measurements cross-calibration energy and directions composition

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR078 4 stations with 24 fluorescence telescopes - each station 180° field of view CLF LOMA AMARILLA

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR079 Pierre Auger observatory - FD

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0710 Pierre Auger observatory - FD FD = fluorescence detector mirror: R = 3440 mm area: 3,6 x 3,6 m 2

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0711 Observatoř Pierra Augera - SD Pierre Auger observatory - SD

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0712 communication antenna electronics enclosure solar panels battery box 3 – nine inch photomultiplier tubes plastic tank with 12 tons of water … 12 m 3 GPS antenna white diffusion liner

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR tanks deployed … as of February 23/ with water 1155 with electronics 1600 tanks in total …beginning of 2008

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0714 Auger today exposition ~ 5000 km 2 y sr in total ~ 5·10 5 events 10 4 above 3·10 18 eV – fully efficient SD (combined FD + SD …. energy ~ > 3·10 17 eV) photon limit GC anisotropy

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0715 Energy reconstruction (zenith < 60 deg) “MC free” as much as possible SD measurement calibrated by FD energy …SD measures S(1000) = signal 1000 m from center - choice of “1000” based on MC.. LDF is measured ! ! …FD – calorimetric measurement of energy - invisible energy estimated by MC

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0716 Energy.... reconstruction energy reconstruction – S(1000) defined as LDF value 1000 m from impact of shower axis.... why 1000 ? p Fe

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0717 signal unit ~ 1 VEM vertical equivalent muon

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0718 Energy.... reconstruction uncertainty of S(1000) due to signal fluctuation

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0719 Energy.... reconstruction S(1000) of p and S(1000) of Fe …fluctuations

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0720 FD versus SD attenuation S(1000) -> S 38 (1000) M. Roth, M. Unger, … Constant Intensity Cut

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0721 Pierre Auger observatory - FD FD can see up to km laser calibration, atmosphere monitoring,... stereo events - Čerenkov subtraction

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0722 FD ….. fluorescence yield experiment AIRFLY...

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0723 X – differences to US-Std. in III/05 Atmospheric monitoring

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0724

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0725

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0726 reversal of the standard SD energy reconstruction check of MC

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0727 Events

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0728 Events

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0729 Lateral Distribution Function Fit Surface Array view Core distance (m) Tank signal (VEM) Wed Mar 3 15:05: Easting = ± 21 m Northing = ± 25 m dt = 92.0 ns Theta = 63.5 ± 0.1 deg Phi = 72.1 ± 0.1/sin(Theta) deg R = 24.2 ± 0.8 km S(1000) = ± 2.69 VEM E = EeV ± 3% (stat. error only) PRELIMINARY

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0730 PRELIMINARY analysis shows zenith angle 64º, energy 59 EeV

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0731 reversal of the standard SD energy reconstruction check of MC not enough muons !!!

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0732 Muons... direct – from heavy flavours indirect – mainly from , K decays Jan Ridky, ISVHECRI, Pylos, Greece, 6-12 Sept. 2004

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0733 Typical high multiplicity event RUN , EVT 4731 Jan Ridky, ISVHECRI, Pylos, Greece, 6-12 Sept. 2004

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0734 Events.... even more inclined one

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0735 Conclusions: Auger – South close to completion (early 2008) the technical parameters of PAO will allow unprecedented measurements in terms of  statistics (area)  energy (size of SD)  pointing (FD angular resolution < 1 deg)  composition (good atmospheric monitoring)  precision (hybrid approach) valuable contribution to HEP.... in synergy with LHC – MC tuning

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0736 supporting slides

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR PMTs XP1805d1 Photonis read-out last dynode – 1 FADC anode – 1 FADC 40 MHz 15 bits dynamic range (5 bits overlap) most frequent signals are those of atmospheric muons they are used for monitoring and calibration ~ 1 ÷ 1000 particles/ μ s

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0738 Trigger T3... events timing of signals (to beat accidentals)

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0739 Trigger T3... events timing of signals (to beat accidentals)

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0740 Trigger T3... events ~ 0.02 Hz T3 triggers 3ToT.. efficient trigger ~ 90% selected events mostly ‘vertical’ showers 4-fold coincidence of tanks within 6 km - essential for horizontal showers, more noisy

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0741 Trigger T3... events - 3ToT - 4C1

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0742 Triggering events trigger probability of a single tank - measured by a pair of close tanks

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0743 Triggering events - Threshold or ToT - Threshold only  eV  eV

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0744 T3 0 : 30 : 98% for 1 : 3 : 10 EeV zenith angle < 45° Triggering events LTP and LDF deduced from experiment by means of close tanks NKG formula

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0745 Events

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0746 Events

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0747 Events

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0748 Events.... reconstruction uncertainty of S(1000) due to core location

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0749 Events.... reconstruction uncertainty of S(1000) due to missing tank

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0750 Events.... reconstruction uncertainty of S(1000) due to: statistical uncertainties at S(1000) ~ 30 VEM this corresponds to ~ 5·10 18 eV are ~ 10% due to LDF form < 4% due to shower to shower fluctuations ≤ 10% event sampling (missing tank ≤ 10%) at ~ 3·10 18 eV the surface array fully efficient -trigger efficiency, pressure & temperature dependence

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR km

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0752 Pierre Auger observatory - FD diaphragm filter nm mirror fail-safe curtain camera - 20 x 22 photomultipliers 2,6”

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0753 Saturated event … we have 6 such cases Jan Ridky, ISVHECRI, Pylos, Greece, 6-12 Sept. 2004

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0754 Photon limit

Lake Tahoe, J. Ridky, C2CR0755 Photon limit