Chemical Compounds in Cells Chapter 3, Section 3

Vocabulary Elements – a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances Elements – a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances Compound – 2 or more elements chemically combined Compound – 2 or more elements chemically combined Carbohydrate – an energy-rich compound made of the elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) Carbohydrate – an energy-rich compound made of the elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) Lipids – Energy-rich organic compound, such as fat, oil, or wax, that is made of C,H,O Lipids – Energy-rich organic compound, such as fat, oil, or wax, that is made of C,H,O Protein – Large organic molecule made of C, O, H, Nitrogen (N) and sometimes sulfur (S) Protein – Large organic molecule made of C, O, H, Nitrogen (N) and sometimes sulfur (S)

Amino Acids – a small molecule that is linked chemically to other amino acids to form proteins Amino Acids – a small molecule that is linked chemically to other amino acids to form proteins Enzyme – type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in living things Enzyme – type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in living things Nucleic Acids – long organic molecules made of C, O, H, N and Phosphorus (P). Contain the instructions that a cell needs to carry out all the functions of life. Nucleic Acids – long organic molecules made of C, O, H, N and Phosphorus (P). Contain the instructions that a cell needs to carry out all the functions of life. DNA – genetic material that carries information from parent to offspring DNA – genetic material that carries information from parent to offspring RNA – important role in the productions of proteins RNA – important role in the productions of proteins

Gold Keys An element is any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances An element is any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances When two or more elements combine chemically, they form a compound When two or more elements combine chemically, they form a compound Most chemical reactions within cells, could not take place without water Most chemical reactions within cells, could not take place without water Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are important groups of organic compounds in living things Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are important groups of organic compounds in living things

In addition to providing energy for the cell, carbohydrates are important components of some cell parts In addition to providing energy for the cell, carbohydrates are important components of some cell parts In addition to their functions as an energy source, lipids also make up most of the cell membrane In addition to their functions as an energy source, lipids also make up most of the cell membrane The proteins known as enzymes perform important functions in the chemical reactions that take place in cells The proteins known as enzymes perform important functions in the chemical reactions that take place in cells Nucleic acids contain the instructions that cells need to carry out all the functions of life Nucleic acids contain the instructions that cells need to carry out all the functions of life

General Notes Smallest unit of an element is the atom Smallest unit of an element is the atom An element is made up of only one kind of atom An element is made up of only one kind of atom Elements found in living things include carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur Elements found in living things include carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur Smallest unit of many compounds is a molecule Smallest unit of many compounds is a molecule Water helps cells keep their size and shape (no water = deflated balloon) Water helps cells keep their size and shape (no water = deflated balloon)

Water helps keep the temperature of cells from changing rapidly Water helps keep the temperature of cells from changing rapidly Inorganic Compound = No carbon Inorganic Compound = No carbon Organic Compound = contains carbon Organic Compound = contains carbon Cells store energy in lipids for later use Cells store energy in lipids for later use Much of the structure of cells is made of proteins Much of the structure of cells is made of proteins Without enzymes – chemical reactions that are necessary for life would take too long or not occur at all (saliva speeds up digestion) Without enzymes – chemical reactions that are necessary for life would take too long or not occur at all (saliva speeds up digestion)

Most of the DNA in a cell is found in the chromatin in the nucleus Most of the DNA in a cell is found in the chromatin in the nucleus RNA is found in the cytoplasm as well as in the nucleus RNA is found in the cytoplasm as well as in the nucleus