Prosocial Relations Proximity breeds liking partly because of the mere exposure effect. We are even somewhat more likely to marry someone whose first or last name resembles our own. (Jones et al., 2004) See Fig (m609 c ) Why? To our ancestors, what was familiar was generally safe. (Zajonc, 1998) Speed dating gives us insight into the process. Men are more transparent. (Place et al., 2009) More options create more superficial choices. (Lenton & Francesconi, 2010). Men wish for future contact, women are more choosy. This gender role is a function of seating and moving, it reverses with this function. (Finkel & Eastwick, 2009).

Physical Attractiveness We assume physically attractive people to be healthier, happier, more sensitive, more successful, and more socially skilled. (Feingold, 1992). Income analyses show a penalty for plainness or obesity and a premium for beauty. (Engemann & Owyang, 2005). Judging from gazing times, babies prefer attractive faces to unattractive faces. (Langlois et al., 1987) People's attractiveness is unrelated to their self-esteem and happiness. (Diener et al., 1995). By providing reproductive clues, bodies influence sexual attraction: a low hip-to-waist ratio (Karremans et al., 2010). Separate opposite-sex faces and bodies, faces tend to be a better predictor of overall sexual attractiveness. (Currie & Little, 2009). See Fig (m611 c )

Similarity Compared with randomly paired people, friends & couples are far more likely to share common attitudes, beliefs, interests, age, religion, race, education, intelligence, smoking behaviour & economic status. (Rosenbaum, 1986) Dissimilarity often fosters disfavor, explaining why straight men disapprove of gay men who are doubly dissimilar from themselves in sexual orientation & gender roles. (Lehavot & Lambert, 2007). Passionate love is a function of physical arousal & cognitive appraisal: the two-factor theory. (Hatfield, 1988). Unlike unaroused men, men stirred by fright, exercise or porn attributed some of their arousal to an attractive woman they just met, comparing her to their girlfriend. (White & Knight, 1984)

Romantic Love Cont'd As love matures, it becomes companionate love (Hatfield, 1988). The flood of passion-facilitating hormones (testosterone, dopamine & adrenaline) subsides and oxytocin takes over. In the most satisfying marriages, attraction & sexual desire endure, minus the obsession of early romance. (Acevedo & Aron, 2009).Non-Western cultures have arranged marriages for just change: passionate love is less likely to create a stable relationship than compatible background and common interests. (Levine et al., 1995). Equity: I like hugs, I like kisses, but what I really like is help with the dishes. (Pew Research Center 2007) Self-disclosure breeds liking & intimacy. (Collins & Miller, 1994). Positive support: the 5 to 1 rule (Gottman, 2007)

Altruism Unselfish concern for the welfare of others. Probably no single incident has caused social psychologists to pay as much attention to an aspect of social behaviour as Kitty Genovese's 1964 murder. Why did no one help? Fig Before helping, one must first notice an emergency, then correctly interpret it, and then feel responsible, Fig Feeling good about ourselves is the most consistent predictor of intervention. (Schnall et al., 2010) (m 616 c ). Bystander effect: the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present. Social Exchange Theory: Maximize benefits, minimize costs. Social Responsibility Norm: An expectation that people will help those dependent on them.

Peacemaking Fig Social-trap game matrix(m618 c ). Conflict is a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals or ideas. These are resolved through better regulation of our social behaviours, through better communication, and through promoting awareness of social responsibility. The opposite is mirror-image perceptions, or 'demonizing' the other. Our side is ethical & peaceful, their side is evil & aggressive. Generally when hit, we hit back harder. (Shergill et al., 2003). Peace is promoted through contact (Pettigrew & Tropp, 2011) An example: Heterosexual's attitudes toward gays are influenced by what they know and whom they know. (Smith et al., 2009). Super-ordinate goals can only be achieved through co- operation. (Sherif, 1966)