How to select and read a paper Sir David Goldberg Institute of Psychiatry King’s College, London Course for Young Psychiatrists Addis Ababa, 27 th. April.

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How to select and read a paper Sir David Goldberg Institute of Psychiatry King’s College, London Course for Young Psychiatrists Addis Ababa, 27 th. April 2006

How are you reading? 1. Filling up a spare moment? - do it how you like 2. To gather material for a talk? - take notes, but of vital points only - accompany these with brief reference eg Sartorius et al, European Psych 1998, 24,

How are you reading? 3. To gather material for a thesis or paper? - write fuller notes - who are the patients? - include any verbatim quotes - jot down any problems with paper - full reference, all authors + initials, full title

How do you decide what to read?  choose a journal, look through it regularly  required reading, reading lists  recommendations from teachers & friends  following a key article: Citation Index  Computer searching: Medline, Psychlit

Computer searching  only languages that you speak!  recent years  more careful syntax: “brain imaging and schizophrenia or bipolar illness”  only get abstracts for first search LIMIT YOUR SEARCH

Start with the summary or Abstract: Can you tell what the paper is about? - is there a clear AIM? - are the conclusions interesting? - if YES, then skim read the paper - if NO, why read on?

In basic science, ask 3 questions 1.Do the conclusions follow from the results? 2.If not, what conclusions do? 3.What experiment should be done next? - also, do I respect the author?

In psychiatry, these questions are insufficient: 1.Do the patients studied represent the larger population of such patients? (if they do not, what bias?) 2.Is the sample large enough to show up an effect if there is one there? (power) 3.Are the measuring instruments appropriate to the task? 4.Have the correct calculations been carried out?

Only then: 5.Do the conclusions follow from the results? 6.If not, what conclusions DO? 7.What are the implications of this work, either for the way the clinical service is organised, or for the way in which patients are treated? and, do I respect the author?

To answer all these, you’re going to need to read the whole paper thoroughly! Pay attention to: The end of the introduction, where you should find the aim The Method, the Measures used, and the Results - don’t bother with the rest of the introduction, or the discussion, unless you are happy with the above!

QUESTIONS to answer before tomorrow….. 1.Is the ABSTRACT accurate? 2.Are you quite clear what they did [METHOD]? 3.Are you quite clear what they showed [RESULTS]? 1.Are the results important? 2.Is the DISCUSSION reasonably concise?

How to select a book Not really a problem. Don’t read any, unless your teachers ask you to. A standard textbook may be helpful. Ideally, find one that suits you, and that you find readable. (Speaking for myself, I think about what I am reading, but do not make notes when reading books)