SYMPTOMS OF ILLNESS IN THE RUSSIAN BODY POLITIC Russia mobilized 11 million soldiers in 1914/15 but could not train competent officers to replace those killed at the front. Most promotions to major commands were based on connections at court, not performance. Russia produced a major food surplus, but the system to distribute food often broke down. By the end of 1916, almost 2 million soldiers were Absent Without Leave. By the end of 1916, the cost of living was 4X higher than in By the end of 1916, 1.7 million workers had participated in strikes.

Anti-war demonstrators before the Winter Palace, Petrograd, January-February 1917

Petrograd under the Workers’ and Soldiers’ Soviet, March 1917

A British Labourite delegation visits Petrograd after the February Revolution

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, i.e., “Lenin” ( ), leader since 1903 of the “Bolshevik” faction of Russian socialism LENIN’S APRIL THESES 1.Transform the Imperialist War into Civil War! 2.All Power to the Soviets! 3.Land for the Village Poor! (Compare Bukharin’s Imperialism and the World Economy, 1916)

War Minister Alexander Kerensky addresses troops about to leave for the front in 1917 “War until Victory!” (an attempt to arouse “Jacobin nationalism”)

General L.G. Kornilov waves to the crowd in Moscow in August 1917, shortly before he attempted a military coup

Climax of the “Great October Revolution”: Red Guards storm the Kremlin in Moscow

Fraternization on the Eastern Front, November/December 1917

Europe at the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 1918

German troops moving through San Quentin to prepare for the “Ludendorff Offensive” launched on March 21, 1918

The Ludendorff Offensive, March-July 1918

American troops disembark at Le Havre, July 12, 1918

The breach of the “Hindenburg Line” at St. Quentin, 2 Oct 1918 British troops line the banks of the St. Quentin Canal Their multitude of German prisoners

Mutiny broke out in the German fleet on November 4 (SPD politicians address sailors in Kiel)

Prince Max of Baden opened an exchange of telegrams with Woodrow Wilson on October 5, 1918, and turned over the German chancellorship on November 9 to Friedrich Ebert

Social Democrats proclaim the German Republic from the balcony of the Reichstag on November 9, 1918

ESTIMATED COMBAT DEAD IN THE GREAT WAR Austria-Hungary1,200,000 France1,385,000 Germany1,800,000 Great Britain947,000 Italy460,000 Ottoman Empire325,000 Russia1,700,000 Serbia360,000 United States115,000

Woodrow Wilson ( ) and his two predecessors, William Howard Taft and Teddy Roosevelt. In November 1918 the Republicans won a 45-seat majority in the House and 2-seat majority in the Senate.

VERSAILLES CONFERENCE TIMELINE December 14, 1918: Wilson arrives in Paris but soon leaves to tour England and Italy January 10-20, 1919: Foch & Clemenceau propose independent Rhenish buffer state January 25: Conference agrees unanimously to establish a League of Nations January 30: Wilson promises Orlando to accept Italian annexation of Trentino & Trieste February 14-March 4: Wilson returns to USA but cannot persuade Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge to support Covenant March 24: Big Four begin talks over German borders April 28: Big Four adopt Rhineland compromise June 28: Signing of the Treaty of Versailles

The Big Four argued about German borders from March 24 to April 28

France and Britain had promised Italy the Trentino, with 230,000 German-speakers, the mostly Italian port of Trieste, and Istria & Dalmatia, with 1.3 million South Slavs. Wilson and Orlando quarreled over Fiume….

Austrian ethnographic map from 1910 Ochre= Italians Lt. green= Croats Dk. green, Slovenes See Nicolson, pp

The impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany (France occupied the Rhineland until 1930, the Saarland until 1935)

Sir William Orpen, “The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, 28 June 1919”

Delegation of French wounded at the signing ceremony for the Treaty of Versailles, 28 June 1919

KEY DECISIONS AT VERSAILLES IN 1919  National self-determination for Poles, “Czechoslovaks”, “Yugoslavs”, Romanians, Latvians, Lithuanians, & Estonians  Formation of a “League of Nations” dedicated to “collective security” (but key votes must be unanimous)  Italy gains the south Tirol but must renounce Dalmatia; the status of Fiume remains disputed  Great Britain gains control of Germany’s African colonies, Palestine, Jordan, and Iraq as “League of Nations Mandates”; France gains Syria, Lebanon, and Cameroon  Germany must pay war reparations equal to the entire cost of the war and reduce its army to 100,000 men

European language groups, 1910 Postwar borders, 1921

“Can It Survive?” (Literary Digest, July 1919) On March 3, 1919, Sen. Henry Cabot Lodge had published an open letter rejecting any treaty that included the Covenant

The Russian Civil War, 1918/19: In January 1919, Marshall Foch advocated massive intervention from Odessa, Murmansk, Archangel, Vladivostok, Poland and Romania. Wilson and Lloyd George refused to authorize anything more than arms shipments to the White Russians.

“One Year of the Proletarian Dictatorship” Leon Trotsky, War Commissar, 1918

THE EXPANSION OF RUSSIA IN ASIA, ca. 1900: (with new rail links across Manchuria to Vladivostok & Port Arthur

Red Army train arrives in Kagan, Uzbekistan, in 1918

“Long live the three-million-man Red Army!” (USSR, 1919)

“Capitalists of the World, Unite!” A Soviet poster from 1920 to denounce the Imperialists

Soviet leaders hoped for world revolution: “Long Live the Third Communist International!” (1920)

THE CONCEPT OF IMPERIALIST PLOTS LEGITIMIZED STALIN’S REGIME LATER: “Imperialists cannot stop the triumphal march of the Five-Year Plan” (USSR, 1930)