What is Romanticism? Some definitions: Romanticism is disease, Classicism is health. Goethe The return to nature. Rousseau Emotion rather than reason; the heart opposed to the head. George Sand
Origin of the term: Early Middle Ages - “Romance” denoted vernacular (vs. Latin) “romanz” – book composed in vernacular
Romanticism’s Timeline? Origins in early/middle 18 th century Blossomed in early 19 th century Greatest production of new works: Delacroix – Liberty Leading the People (1830)
German Romanticism Germany = Europe’s “poor relation” at end of 18 th century Voltaire: Germany is nothing more than a word. Sparse literary tradition Fertile ground for a new movement
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe ( ) The Sorrows of Young Werther Faust I – 1808 Faust II
Four Aspects of Romanticism in Faust 1) The “fertility of chaos” – Longing for order yet the world is chaotic – Examples? 2) Romantic despair/melancholy - Faust’s suicidal despair in study - cave scene
Four Aspects of Romanticism in Faust (cont’d) 3) The divine found in nature - cave scene 4) Gretchen – Romantic heroine - domestic role model - yet, kindermorderin
Faust and German Nationalism 1860s Germany – Faust linked to ideals of German unification… …later, to fervent nationalism “Goethe’s Faust became the symbol of the determined man of action whom the Empire needed to fulfill its mission.” – Francoise Forster-Hahn