The Age of Imperialism Chapter 11 1850-1914

Introduction What is Imperialism?

What is Imperialism? The takeover of a country or territory by a stronger country Imperialism = EMPIRE BUILDING

From Industry - Imperialism How did Industrialization help to promote the era of Imperialism? Land perfect for establishing trading and shipping routes Natural resources and raw materials New markets for products

Types of Imperialism Methods of Management Direct Control Paternalism – Europeans provide for local people but grant no rights Assimilation – adaptation of local people to ruling culture Indirect Control Limited self-rule for local governments Legislative body includes colonial & local officials

Types of Imperialism Forms of Control Colony Protectorate Governed by a foreign power Protectorate Governs itself, but under outside control Sphere of Influence Outside power controls investments & trading Economic Imperialism Private business interests assert control

The Scramble for Africa Section 1

Africa Before European Dominion Divided into hundreds of ethnic groups Followed traditional beliefs, Islam or Christianity Nations ranged from large empires to independent villages Africans controlled their own trade networks Europeans only had contact on African coasts

Nations compete for overseas empires Europeans wanted more land Africa contained large amounts of gold, diamonds, and rubber Europeans who penetrated Africa were: Explorers – seeking wealth and notoriety Missionaries – trying to convert Africans to Christianity Humanitarians – “westernize” the “savages”

Forces Driving Imperialism Belief in European superiority Racism Social Darwinism – Charles Darwin’s ideas about evolution & natural selection were applied to human society Factors Promoting Imperialism in Africa European technological superiority Europeans had means to control New medicines prevent diseases

The Division of Africa The Berlin Conference (1884) Europeans leaders divide Africa No African ruler invited Little or no thought about the complex differences in ethnic groups By 1914 – Only independent nations Liberia Ethiopia

According to this cartoon, which European countries were fighting for a position in Africa? How did the Berlin Conference lead to the situation shown in the cartoon?

South Africa Three Groups Clash for Power Boers Dutch settlers that had controlled South Africa since the mid 1600s, Cape Colony Also known as Afrikaners British Gained control of South Africa after the Berlin Conference Africans Zulu nation, led by Shaka, fought the British Zulu nation lost to British in 1887

Boer War Fought between the Boers and the British Many Africans fought with the Boers First example of “total war” British win in 1910 Established the Union of South Africa (British Rule)

Effects of European Imperialism in Africa

African Resistance Africans Confront Imperialism Broad resistance, but Europeans have superior weapons Unsuccessful Movements Algeria fights the French for 50 years German East Africa resistance results in 75,000 deaths Successful Movements Ethiopia under Emperor Menelik II Plays Europeans against each other Stockpiles modern weapons Defeats Italy and remains independent

Impact of Imperialism in Africa Negative Effects Africans lose land and independence Many lives are lost Traditional cultures breakdown Division of Africa creates problems that continue today Positive Effects Reduces local fighting Sanitation improves Hospitals and schools created Technology brings economic growth

Europeans Claim Muslim Lands Europeans who “carved up” Africa began looking for new lands, Muslim lands around the Mediterranean The Ottoman Empire Loses Power Modernization movements are unsuccessful Greece and Serbia gain independence European Powers look to gain Ottoman lands

Crimean War (1853) Crimean War – Russia vs. Ottoman Empire Russia seeks Ottoman land Access to a warm-water port Russia loses war Ottomans are shown to be weak Russia still is able to take land

Europeans Grab Territory England gains control of: India – natural resources Suez Canal – connected the Red Sea to the Mediterranean, 1869. British take control of canal and occupy Egypt in 1882 b/c Egypt could not repay debt from canal costs Persia – oil and tobacco Russia gains control of: Persia – oil, tobacco, & access to Indian Ocean Afghanistan – oil

The Suez Canal

British Imperialism in India British Expand Control over India East India Company Controls India through economic imperialism (1757 – 1858) with little interference from British govt. Company uses an army including Indian soldiers known as “Sepoys” India was seen as the most important colony Due to its production of raw materials Known as the “Jewel in the Crown”

Effects of British Rule Impact of Colonialism Railroads move cash crops and goods faster British control political and economic power Cash crops resulted in loss of self-sufficiency and caused famine Indian culture is disrupted due to racism and missionaries Britain sought to “modernize” India i.e. world’s third largest railroad network

The Sepoy Rebellion or Mutiny Indians Rebel Sepoys refuse to use cartridges due to religious reasons They had to bite them open – greased with pork fat (outraged Hindus and Muslims Indians) Many Sepoys were jailed, others rebelled British put down the rebellion Results British Government takes “direct control” of India in 1858

England’s Empire Grows

Imperialism in Southeast Asia European Powers Invade the “Pacific Rim” Lands of Southeast Asia that border the Pacific Ocean Britain – Malaysia & Singapore Netherlands – Indonesia France – Indochina (Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia) US - Hawaii & Philippines (Spain until 1898) Why? Land perfect for establishing trading and military posts Excellent for plantation agriculture

Imperialism in China and Japan China vs. The West China was self-sufficient – no need for trade China kept a favorable balance of trade Europeans were able to shift the balance Sale of Opium – addictive drug from poppy plant Opium War (1839-1842)– China vs. Britain China loses – signs Treaty of Nanjing Extraterritoriality – foreigners were not subject to Chinese laws Chinese power over the West ends

China vs. The West Foreign Influence Grows Growing Spheres of Influence “Open door policy” – proposed by the US in 1899, China’s “doors” would be open to all foreign nations. China is free from colonization. A Surge in Chinese Nationalism Boxer Rebellion Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, “Death to the foreign devils” Poor peasants and workers who resented foreign privilege Sparked a sense of nationalism in China

Imperialism in China

Modernization in Japan Chose the best of the West German government Discipline of German army skill of British navy American system of universal public education

Modernization in Japan 1872 1st railroad 1914 7,000 miles of railroad Coal production grew & factories were built Expanded tea and silk production Began shipbuilding industry

Imperialism in Japan Japan remained isolated from western world for centuries – only traded mainly with China Treaty of Kanagawa (1854) – ends Japan’s isolation Meiji Reform – Japan begins to modernize beginning in 1867 Japan was competitive with the west in many modern industries

Imperialism in Japan Russo-Japanese War (1904) Treaty of Portsmouth Japan gained Russian territory Russia forced out of Korea Japan Controls Korea Takes control of the peninsula in 1910 Begins a period of extreme oppression

THE END