Technical Communication A Practical Approach Chapter 13: Graphics William Sanborn Pfeiffer Kaye Adkins.

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Presentation transcript:

Technical Communication A Practical Approach Chapter 13: Graphics William Sanborn Pfeiffer Kaye Adkins

Technical Communication: A Practical Approach, Eighth Edition W. S. Pfeiffer and K. Adkins Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 2 Graphics Terms in Graphics Reasons for Using Graphics General Guidelines for Graphics Specific Guidelines for Nine Graphics Misuse of Graphics

Technical Communication: A Practical Approach, Eighth Edition W. S. Pfeiffer and K. Adkins Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 3 Terms in Graphics Graphics Any non-textual portion of a document or an oral presentation Illustrations Used synonymously with “graphics” Visual Aids Often limited to oral presentations

Technical Communication: A Practical Approach, Eighth Edition W. S. Pfeiffer and K. Adkins Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 4 Terms in Graphics Tables Illustrations that place numbers or words in columns or rows or both Figures All graphics other than tables

Technical Communication: A Practical Approach, Eighth Edition W. S. Pfeiffer and K. Adkins Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 5 Terms in Graphics Charts and Graphs A subset of “figures,” these synonymous terms refer to a type of graphic that displays data in visual form Technical Drawing Another subset of “figures,” a technical drawing is a representation of a physical object

Technical Communication: A Practical Approach, Eighth Edition W. S. Pfeiffer and K. Adkins Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 6 Terms in Graphics Photographs Another subset of “figures,” photographs accurately document their subject Screen Capture Another subset of “figures,” screen captures present images of all or part of digital displays on devices such as computers and smartphones

Technical Communication: A Practical Approach, Eighth Edition W. S. Pfeiffer and K. Adkins Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 7 Reasons for Using Graphics Graphics Simplify Ideas Graphics Reinforce Ideas Graphics Create Continuity Graphics Create Interest Graphics Are Universal

Technical Communication: A Practical Approach, Eighth Edition W. S. Pfeiffer and K. Adkins Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 8 Graphics Used to Simplify Ideas

Technical Communication: A Practical Approach, Eighth Edition W. S. Pfeiffer and K. Adkins Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 9 Graphics Used to Create Interest

Technical Communication: A Practical Approach, Eighth Edition W. S. Pfeiffer and K. Adkins Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 10 General Guidelines for Graphics Determine the Purpose of the Graphic Evaluate the Accuracy and Validity of the Data Refer to All Graphics in the Text Think About Where to Put Graphics Position Graphics Vertically When Possible Avoid Clutter Provide Titles, Notes, Keys, and Source Data

Technical Communication: A Practical Approach, Eighth Edition W. S. Pfeiffer and K. Adkins Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 11 Specific Guidelines for Graphics Tables Pie Charts Bar Charts Line Graphs Flowcharts Organization Charts Technical Drawings Photographs Screen Captures

Technical Communication: A Practical Approach, Eighth Edition W. S. Pfeiffer and K. Adkins Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 12 Specific Guidelines for Graphics Tables Use informal tables as extensions of text Use formal tables for complex data separated from text Use plenty of white space Follow conventions for dividing and explaining data Pay special attention to cost data

Technical Communication: A Practical Approach, Eighth Edition W. S. Pfeiffer and K. Adkins Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 13 Tables

Technical Communication: A Practical Approach, Eighth Edition W. S. Pfeiffer and K. Adkins Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 14 Specific Guidelines for Graphics Pie Charts Use pie charts especially for percentages and money Use no more than 6 or 7 divisions Move clockwise from 12:00, from largest to smallest wedge Be creative, but stay simple Draw and label carefully

Technical Communication: A Practical Approach, Eighth Edition W. S. Pfeiffer and K. Adkins Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 15 Pie Charts

Technical Communication: A Practical Approach, Eighth Edition W. S. Pfeiffer and K. Adkins Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 16 Specific Guidelines for Graphics Bar Charts Use a limited number of bars Show comparisons clearly Keep bar widths equal and adjust space between bars carefully Carefully arrange the order of bars Be creative

Technical Communication: A Practical Approach, Eighth Edition W. S. Pfeiffer and K. Adkins Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 17 Bar Charts

Technical Communication: A Practical Approach, Eighth Edition W. S. Pfeiffer and K. Adkins Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 18 Specific Guidelines for Graphics Line Graphs Use line graphs for trends Locate line graphs with care Strive for accuracy and clarity Do not place numbers on the graph itself Use multiple lines with care

Technical Communication: A Practical Approach, Eighth Edition W. S. Pfeiffer and K. Adkins Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 19 Line Graphs

Technical Communication: A Practical Approach, Eighth Edition W. S. Pfeiffer and K. Adkins Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 20 Specific Guidelines for Graphics Flowcharts Present Only Overviews Limit the Number of Shapes Provide a Legend When Necessary Run the Sequence from Top to Bottom or from Left to Right Label All Shapes Clearly

Technical Communication: A Practical Approach, Eighth Edition W. S. Pfeiffer and K. Adkins Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 21 Flowcharts

Technical Communication: A Practical Approach, Eighth Edition W. S. Pfeiffer and K. Adkins Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 22 Specific Guidelines for Graphics Organization Charts Use the Linear “Boxes” Approach to Emphasize High-Level Positions Connect Boxes with Solid or Dotted Lines Use a Circular Design to Emphasize Mid- and Low-Level Positions Use Varied Shapes Carefully Be Creative

Technical Communication: A Practical Approach, Eighth Edition W. S. Pfeiffer and K. Adkins Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 23 Organization Charts

Technical Communication: A Practical Approach, Eighth Edition W. S. Pfeiffer and K. Adkins Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 24 Specific Guidelines for Graphics Technical Drawings Choose the Right Amount of Detail Label Parts Well Choose the Most Appropriate View Use Legends When There Are Many Parts

Technical Communication: A Practical Approach, Eighth Edition W. S. Pfeiffer and K. Adkins Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 25 Specific Guidelines for Graphics Photographs Choose an appropriate angle to provide and overview Focus your readers’ attention on details Present images form the readers’ perspective Indicate scale when necessary Label parts for clarity Follow legal and ethical guidelines when using photographs

Technical Communication: A Practical Approach, Eighth Edition W. S. Pfeiffer and K. Adkins Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 26 Specific Guidelines for Graphics Screen Captures Include only when your reader needs to see Place region screen captures in context Match the screen capture to the text Indicate key elements on the screen

Technical Communication: A Practical Approach, Eighth Edition W. S. Pfeiffer and K. Adkins Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 27 Misuse of Graphics Problems with Graphics Distorted Elements

Technical Communication: A Practical Approach, Eighth Edition W. S. Pfeiffer and K. Adkins Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 28 Misuse of Graphics

Technical Communication: A Practical Approach, Eighth Edition W. S. Pfeiffer and K. Adkins Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 29 Misuse of Graphics

Technical Communication: A Practical Approach, Eighth Edition W. S. Pfeiffer and K. Adkins Copyright © 2013, 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., All Rights Reserved. 30 Misuse of Graphics