Inference Step 1: Answer the question/provide the inference. -Essentially, your inference is the answer to the question. -Do NOT summarize the source. -Do NOT lift or even paraphrase from the source -The words for inference CANNOT be found in the source. Source A is saying that … (your own words).

Inference Step 2: Back up your inference with evidence from the source. -Quote relevantly and coherently. -Make sure that your quote makes grammatical sense. This is supported by “quote from the source.” Therefore, this shows that…

Inference Step 3: Repeat steps 1 and 2 again for your second inference. Step 4: Establish the perspective of the source. The perspective of the Source is ______ (one-sided/balanced). This is seen when it says “…” (quote from the source)

Inference Step 5: Establish the Purpose by bringing in the Provenance. As the source is from __________ (provenance), therefore, its purpose is to ________ (promote, blame, criticize…) so that ___________ (they can improve the system? Absolve themselves of blame? Garner the support of the people?)

Compare and Contrast Step 1: Establish the common criteria/which is essentially the answer to the question, and your interpretation. Take a hint from the question itself, or the issue. How similar: Give 2 similarities and 1 difference How different: Give 2 differences and 1 similarity In what ways similar: ONLY similarities. Sources B and C are similar/different as they both agree/disagree that ___________ (common criteria) (E.g. the Sinhalese are to blame/the Singapore healthcare system has been effective)

Compare and Contrast Step 2: Give evidence to back up your common criteria/interpretation This is seen when Source B says that “…” (quote from source) Moreover, this is reinforced/contradicted by Source C “…” (quote from source) Step 3: Repeat steps 1 and 2 for 2 nd interpretation/common criteria.

Compare and Contrast Step 4: Establish similarity/difference in perspective/tone. Supported with evidence from source. The two sources are similar/different in their perspectives/tone, as both are…/one is … whereas the other is… This is seen when Source B says that… and Source C …

Compare and Contrast Step 5: Establish purpose by bringing in provenance. Sources B and C are similar/different in their purpose as Source B is said by …… and Source C by … and therefore the purpose of B is to …. And the purpose of C is to …. Hence, I can conclude that Sources B and C are very similar/different

Reliability Step 1: Establish your stand. Checklist for reliability: -Does it have a hidden agenda? No. -Is it supported by the other sources? Yes -Is it supported by my contextual knowledge? Yes. Then it is reliable. Source D is reliable/non reliable (can be trusted/cannot be trusted) Use the words in the question.

Reliability Step 2: Explain why the source is reliable/not- reliable by looking at the source in question. Give evidence Source D is reliable because it provides a balanced perspective/is supported by factual information. This is seen when it says… OR Source D is not reliable because it has a one- sided perspective/is biased/exaggerates… This is clearly seen when it says…

Reliability Step 3: Cross-refer to other sources. (x 2) -Look for words/phrases that support/contradict the source in question. Source D is reliable as it is supported by Source __. Source D says that “…” (quote from source) and this is backed by what Source __ says “…” (quote from source). Therefore this tells me that … OR Source D cannot be trusted as it is contradicted by Source __. Source D says that “…” and this goes against what Source __ says “…” I know that Source __ is reliable because…

Reliability Step 4: Establish purpose of source by looking at provenance. As Source D is by ______ (provenance), therefore it has a hidden agenda/no hidden agenda. Its purpose is to _______ so that it can _______. Therefore, I can conclude that Source D is reliable/not reliable.

Utility How useful as evidence…. (bring in reliability) Cross-refer to sources/contextual knowledge How useful in helping you to understand… (perspective) Contextual knowledge.

Utility Useful. Give evidence from source itself Cross refer to back it up (1 source) Limitations in utility Give evidence from source itself (one-sided perspective?) Cross refer to challenge it. (1 source) Conclusion: HOW useful. Small extent/large extent. EXPLAIN

Utility 1) Look at the source in question to illustrate utility: Source A is useful as evidence as it ___________________ (provides specific examples of how…/examines the causes of …) Quote from Source A to give evidence. 2) Cross-refer to another source to illustrate utility: Moreover, this is supported by Source B which says … (Quote from Source)

Utility 3) Look at the source in question to show limitations in utility However, Source A is limited in its utility as … (its perspective is one-sided/it has only considered one cause, but not the others)… Give evidence from Source A (Quote) 4) Cross refer to another source to show limitations in utility Moreover, what Source A says “…” is contradicted by what Source C says “…” and this shows me that…(Source A has only considered one side but not the other and is therefore limited in its utility)

Utility 5) OR cross-refer to contextual knowledge for questions on “how useful in helping you to understand…” Source A is limited in its utility as it does not add on to my contextual knowledge which identifies more complex factors leading to … (Give specific information from contextual knowledge)

Conclusion State your stand: Useful to large/small extent in helping me to understand/as evidence EXPLAIN why you say that. Useful to large extent: Despite its limitations, Source A is ultimately useful to a large extent as it provides me with a fresh perspective from that of a _________ which I was not aware of before… Useful to a small extent: Despite its utility, Source A is ultimately useful to a small extent as evidence and it cannot be trusted as it exaggerates…/ not very useful in helping me to understand as it does not add on to my contextual knowledge… (Please add in your own specific arguments)