[fon Є tiks and fon Ɔ logi] Weeks 2-4 [wiks tu to for] Phonetics and Phonology

Phonology vs. Phonetics? “It is not unreasonable [...] to say that phonology deals with the systems and structures of speech, while phonetics focuses more narrowly on articulation and acoustics. But the boundary should not be sharply drawn [...]” (Clark, Yallop, and Fletcher 1997:4) netics&ei=wx2eS8W-PIiKyQTL7YjyDA&client=firefox-a&cd=3#v=onepage&q=&f=true

A Descriptive (not prescriptive) science Speakers are concerned with speaking/(and meaning), the linguist is concerned with how it is said. Concerned with the details, the structure, the rules.

[fon ɛ t ɪ k s ɪ mb ɔ ls] [p ʌ teto] ɛ kstr ə

Phonetics

Places of articulation

Places of articulation (2.2.4) Bilabial- bringing lips together [p] [b] [m] Labiodental-lower lip and teeth [f] [v] Interdental- tip of tongue through teeth [ θ ] [ð] Alveolar- tongue at/near the alveolar ridge [t] [s] [n] Palatal- further back of mouth on hard palate [d ʒ ] [j] [ ʃ ] Velar – soft part of roof of mouth behind hard palate/velar [k] [g] [ ŋ ] Glottal- produced at the larnyx [h]

Manner of Articulation (2.2.5) Voiced & Voiceless consonants Rounded & lax vowels /meet/ vs /boot/ [i] vs [u] Fricatives (2.2.5)/(2.4.3) [f] [v] [s] Affricates (2.2.5) [ t ʃ ], [d ʒ ] Stops [b] [t] [k] Liquids [l] [r] Nasals [n] [m] [ ŋ ]

Describing phonemes Voiced bilabial stop [b] Voiceless labidental fricative [f] Voiced labiodental fricative [v] Mid front lax vowel Low back rounded vowel

Transcription - [k ɛ ns ʌ l ɪ z n ɔ rm ə li leit f ɔ r kl ɑ s ] - /Kencil is normally late for class/ - Transcribe your name - [t ʃ ranskraib j ɔ r neim] - Our proposal is due today - [ ɔ w ʌ r pr ʌ pozal I z t ʌ de] - And the methodology is due next week. - [and ð I m Є θ ɔ d ɔ l ʌ d ʒ i I z d ʒ u n Є kst wik]

Diacritics Length [:] [skwiz] [i] [i:] /right/ -[rait] or [rai:t] Aspiration [h] Nasalised [ ~ ] Stress [`] /father/

G - [d ʒ i] X- [ ] /prime minister/ -[praim I n I st ʌ ] /carry/ /ask/ -[aks] “axe” Є ks

[fon Ɔ l ə gi] Phonology

[fon Ɔ l ə gi] Is the study of the distribution of sounds in a language and the interactions between those different sounds. What are the predictable and unpredictable? What are the characteristics of the environment that affect the change in sounds?

Allophones Variants of a phoneme. Non-contrastive (no change in meaning; English) Contrastive (changes the meaning; Hindi) Same or different environment Changes meaning (or not) “fruit”[p ʰ ə l] “moment” [p ə l]

Minimal Pairs Words that differ because of one sound which causes different meaning. “pin” & “tin” [p I n] & [t I n]

X Y/C____D [n] [m]/_____ labial consonant Phonological Rules

Assimilation Sound becomes more like the neighbouring ones. Resembles the environment. Alevolar Stop Assimilation –(consonants) “Sit down” Vowel harmony (Vowels) Eg., /cats/ vs. /dogs/ Any difference in plural marker? Why?

Dissimilation

Insertion (p., 113) Sit down “sit dunk” [s ɪ d ɔ ŋ k] “Melon” [m ɛ lion] H-Insertion “ ʰ egg” [ ʰ ] [ ʰɛ g] [ ʰ aus]

Deletion (p., 114) H-Deletion “home”- [om] “Nintendo” [ ɪ nt ɛ ndo]

Metathesis A Change in the order of sounds [aks] [krai] ?

Next week Eg., /cats/ vs. /dogs/ Any difference in plural marker? Why? oH/W Allomorphs (diff sounds indicate diff meaning) Morphophonemic rules Feature Matrix Read chapter and work on exercises.

What is an allophone? Definition An allophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language. Examples (English) [p] and [pH] are allophones of the phoneme /p/. [t] and [tH] are allophones of the phoneme /t/. Examples (Spanish) [b] and [B] are allophones of the phoneme /b/. [d] and [D] are allophones of the phoneme /d/. /WhatIsAnAllophone.htm /WhatIsAnAllophone.htm

Comparison of morpheme-morph-allomorph and phoneme- phone-allophone Morpheme-morph-allomorph and phoneme- phone-allophone The relationship between a morpheme and its morphs and allomorphs is parallel to the relationship between a phoneme and its phones and allophones. A morpheme is manifested as one or more morphs (surface forms) in different environments. These morphs are called allomorphs. A phoneme is manifested as one or more phones (phonetic sounds) in different environments. These phones are called allophones. /ComparisonOfMorphemeMorphAllom.htm /ComparisonOfMorphemeMorphAllom.htm

Formal Notation of Phonological Rules Basic Format A  B / C __ D This means “ A becomes B in the environment between C and D ” Eg) /CAD/  /CBD/ C & D are conditioning sounds Example (vowel nasalization) Vowels become nasalized before a nasal sound [+syllabic]  [+nasal] / _____ [+nasal]

Cont’d Distinctive features are normally used But other conventional diacritics are allowed Boundaries: # (word), + (morpheme), $ (syllable) ___# (word final), #___ (word initial), $___ (syllable initial) Segments: C(consonant), V(vowel), G(glide), N(nasal), L(lateral)