World War 1 and its Aftermath Mr. Young U.S. History Chapter 14 World War 1 and its Aftermath Mr. Young U.S. History

Section 1 The United States Enters World War 1

Mexican Revolutions and USA From 1911-1914, Mexico went through several revolutions Pancho Villa- commander of guerilla soldiers who raided into America in hopes of Wilson overthrowing the new Mexican government

General John J. Pershing Sent by President Wilson to find and capture Pancho Villa Becomes commander of the American forces during World War 1 Nicknamed “Black Jack”

The Great War begins Europe begins to divide into two camps: Triple Entente/Allied Powers Britain France Russia (exits 1918) Italy (changes in 1915) U.S. (1917) Triple Alliance/Central Powers Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria

Serbs, Bosnians, Croats and Slovenes had similar languages and cultures. They called themselves Yugoslavs. Serbs were the first to gain independence – formed Serbia. Balkans- Southeastern Europe that was responsible for WW1

July 28th, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. June 1914 – Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne); killed by Serbian National assassin while in Bosnia; basically started WW1 July 28th, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia.

Sinking of the Lusitania May 7, 1915-British passenger ship Lusitania was sunk by a German u boat killing 128 Americans 1st step of Americans entered the war

Sussex Pledge After sinking the French ship Sussex, Germans promised not to sink any more merchant ships without warning, hoping to keep America out of the war

Wilson’s Campaign Slogan “He kept us out of the war”

Zimmermann Telegraph German official Arthur Zimmermann sent a message to Mexico asking them to ally with Germany and keep America occupied in exchange for land after the war Last straw for American Neutrality

America Enters the War After the sinking of American merchant ships, President Wilson finally decides enough is enough America declares on Germany on April 6, 1917 and will join the Allied Powers

Section 2 The Home Front

Selective Services Act of 1917 All men between 21 and 30 register for draft Lottery randomly determined the order Local draft boards, not military 2.8 million men drafted

Volunteering for Draft Heard stories and wanted to fight back Democracy was at stake Duty to respond to nation’s call Great adventure and fight for country

Army Nursing Corps First war in which women officially served in armed forces Army nurses were only women sent overseas 20,000 nurses served during WW1

Federal Mobilization Agencies (#21) War Industries Board and Bernard Baruch-organized industry to increase efficiency by coordinating production of war materials; leader of WIB (#25) National War Labor Board- maintained cooperation between industry management and labor union to prevent strikes (#28)Committee on Public Information (George Creel)-provided propaganda to rally citizen support for all aspects of the war effort

Food and Fuel Administration Victory gardens-Wheatless Mondays, Meatless Tuesdays, and Porkless Thursdays Daylight savings time- created to conserve energy

Paying for the War Liberty and Victory Bonds- Loans from American people to Government, and the government would repay with interest in a set number of years Over $20 billion borrowed

The Great Migration Mostly African Americans (and some Mexicans) headed North to big cities to work in war time factories Barrios-separate neighbors created by Mexican Americans in big cities

Espionage Act of 1917 Sedition Act of 1918 Severally hurt free speech and limited civil liberties during wartime in America Made illegal any public expression of opposition to the war

Mistreatment of Central Powers Began to persecute, mistreat, and even physically abuse Changed names of foods such as sauerkraut to Liberty Cabbage

Schenck vs United States (1919) Individual’s freedom of speech could be curbed when the words uttered constitute a “clear and present danger.”

Section 3 A Bloody Conflict

Trench warfare demonstrated that troops who dug in and relied on modern rifles and machine guns could hold off an enemy for months. On the Western Front, trenches stretched from the English Channel to the Swiss border. The land between opposing trenches was called “no man’s land”. The only way to win a trench war was to run across and drop grenades into other trenches after heavy artillery fire. This resulted in heavy losses and slow progress.

Over There 1917 – the U.S. enters the war after nearly 3 years of attempting to affect the outcome without becoming embroiled in it. Nearly 2 million “doughboys”(nickname for largely inexperienced, but fresh American soldiers U.S. troops helped to boost the morale of the Allies, and turn the tide of the war

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk- March 1918, Russia signs treaty with Germany and leaves the war after their Communist Revolution in 1917; ends two-front war

Meuse-Argonne Offensive The largest military engagement in U. S. history; lasted a total of 47 days. Principal engagement of the American Expeditionary Forces during WWI. Involving 1.2 million American soldiers, of whom 117,000 were killed or wounded Began September 26, 1918 One of a series of Allied attacks known as the Hundred Days Offensive, which brought the war to an end.

The Peace Conference The “Big Four” (leaders of the victorious allied nations) met in Paris in 1919 for a peace conference (Germany and Russia were not included) “Fourteen Points,” Wilson’s plan for peace after WW1, principle of justice to all people League of Nations 14th point which called for an association of nations organized to help keep peace and prevent future wars Many of Wilson’s proposals were discarded as too lenient by other Allied nations

Treaty of Versailles (June 1919 The final treaty required Germany to acknowledge guilt for the war, pay $33 billion in reparations to the Allies, and be stripped of its armed forces Never ratified by America, therefore America never joins League of Nations Four empires were dissolved Russian Empire, Ottoman Empire, German Empire, Austria-Hungary Empire Nine new countries were created The U.S. Senate, led by Henry Cabot Lodge, refused to ratify the Versailles Treaty. Wilson suffered a stroke after travelling 8,000 miles in 3 weeks trying to gain the public’s support. The U.S. negotiated separate peace treaties with each of the Central Powers

Section 4 The War’s Impact

Impact at Home Rapid inflation increases cost of living and leads to wave of labor strikes Racial Unrest “Red Scare and A. Palmer Raids”- Fear of a spread of Communism (“Reds”) by immigrants leads to nationwide panic, raids, and calls for limiting immigration; Raids by government to help find Communists in America General Intelligence Division- department responsible for Palmer Raids; becomes FBI Warren Harding’s Slogan- desire for “return to normalcy” – end of Progressivism by a return to simpler days