Winning the War Chapter 11 Section 3

Key Terms total war conscription contraband Lusitania propaganda atrocity Fourteen Points self-determination armistice

Focus Question How did the Allies win World War I?

11.3 Waging Total War (James) Countries realized that modern mechanical warfare would require channeling all of a nation's resources into that war. Economics Committed to War Production As the war grew so did the need for soldiers and so a military conscription or draft was put in place. Economic Warfare Countries set up blockades to keep countries from receiving contraband, or raw materials or military supplies

11.3 D. The Propaganda War 1. The war to win the people was a major component in the war. Because without the people’s consent a country would have to surrender and/or couldn't enter into a war. E. Women Join War Efforts 1. Women played a key role in war efforts by replacing male desk jobs. 2. Other war women became nurses and had to stitch wounds and have surgery in tents on the battlefield.

11.3 II. Morale Collapses (Destiny) A. War Fatigue 1. Long casualty lists, food shortages, and the failures to win promised victories led to calls for peace. 2. War poets began denouncing the leaders whose errors ended up in the deaths of many, instead of praising the glorious deeds of heroes.

11.3 3. As morale collapsed, troops in some French units mutinied. 4. Many soldiers in Italy deserted during the retreat at Caporetto. 5. In Russia, soldiers left the front to join in a full scale revolution back home.

11.3 B. Revolution in Russia 1. Three years of war had hit Russia especially hard. 2. Stories of incompetent generals and corruption destroyed public confidence. 3. In March of 1917, bread riots in St. Petersburg exploded into a revolution that brought down the Russian monarchy. 4. The Allies welcomed the overthrow of the tsar and hoped Russia would establish a democratic government and become a stronger ally.

11.3 5. However, later that year, V.I. Lenin came to power with a promise to pull Russian troops out of the war. 6. Early 1918, Lenin signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany. The treaty ended Russian participation in WWI. 7. Russia’s withdrawal had an immediate impact on the war. 8 With Russia out of the struggle, Germany could concentrate its forces on the Western Front. 9. In the spring of 1918, the Central Powers stood ready to achieve the great breakthrough they sought for so long.

11.3 III. The United States Declares War (Jordyn) A. Why join the Allies? 1. Americans supported the Allies because of cultural ties. 2. Germany ceased submarine attacks in 1915 after pressure from President Wilson. 3. In early 1917, the British intercepted a message from the German minister.

11.3 B. Declaring War 1. In April 1917, Wilson asked congress to declare war on Germany. 2. The United States needed months to recruit, train, supply, and transport a modern army across the Atlantic. 3. By 1918 about two million American soldiers joined. C. The Fourteen Points 1. In January 1918, he issued the Fourteen points, a list of his terms for resolving this and future wars.

11.3 2. For Eastern Europe, Wilson favored self determination, the right of people to choose their own form of government. IV. Victory at Last (Eric) A. In early 1918 a final showdown was to happen on the Western Front. 1. The Germans wanted to achieve a major victory before eager American troops arrived.

11.3 2. In March the Germans launched a huge offensive and pushed the allies back by 40 miles, these efforts exhausted the Germans, but by then American troops were arriving by the thousands. 3. Later, the allies launched a counterattack that slowly drove the Germans back across France and Belgium and they told the kaiser the war could not be won. 4. As time went on an uprising of hungry city dwellers exploded across Germany, and German generals told the kaiser he should step down.

11.3 5. In early November, William the II stepped down as kaiser and he fled into exile in the Netherlands. 6. By Autumn, Austria-Hungary was reeling toward collapse, as the government tottered in Vienna there was a revolt that was splintering the empires of the Hapsburg, and Bulgaria and the Ottoman empire asked for peace. 7. The new German government sought for an armistice, or agreement to end fighting with the Allies. 8. Finally, at 11 A.M. on November 11, 1918, the Great War came to an end.