Chapter 17 The Tide of War Turns

Emancipation Proclamation  Document issued by Lincoln that declared that all slaves in Confederate-held territory were free

54 th Massachusetts Volunteers  Regiment of African- American soldiers that gained fame for its courageous assault on Fort Wagner, South Carolina

Commander-In-Chief  The President in his role as commander of all armed forces

Liberation  The act of setting someone free

One American’s Story  1) Throughout the war, abolitionists like Douglass continued to fight against slavery.  2) Douglass said that the Confederate war effort depended on slave labor and that Lincoln should free the slaves.

Calls for Emancipation  1) Abolitionists had been urging Lincoln to free slaves  2) Lincoln hesitated. He did not want to make the four slave states in the Union upset  3) Lincoln did not want the issue of slavery to further divide the nation than it already had.  4) Lincoln finally decided in favor of emancipation because the war was taking a terrible toll.

The Emancipation Proclamation  1) The Emancipation Proclamation freed all slaves in Confederate territory, however it freed very few slaves.  2) Lincoln could only free slaves in the South because of the constitution. It was considered a military action.  3) It was important as a symbolic measure. For the North, it meant the war was now for liberation not just keeping the Union together.

Response to the Proclamation  1) Abolitionists were thrilled Lincoln had finally issued the Emancipation Proclamation.  2) Democrats in the North were angered. They thought it would make the war longer.  3) White Southerners reacted to the proclamation with rage.

African-American Soldiers  1) African-American men could now join the fight for the North  2) It was not until after the proclamation that the U.S. government encouraged African-Americans to fight.  3) African-American soldiers were organized in all-black regiments led by white officers. They were given the worst jobs.

The 54 th Massachusetts  1) This was one of the first African- American regiments in the North. They refused pay from the U.S.  2) They gained their fame from a brave attack at Fort Wagner  3) African Americans faced danger if captured. Confederate soldiers often shot them or placed them back into slavery.

Copperheads  Northern Democrats who favored peace with the South

Writ of habeas corpus  Law that prevents the government from holding citizens without formal charges

Clara Barton  Civil War nurse who later founded the American Red Cross

Conscription  Military Draft

Income Tax  Tax on earnings

Greenback  Paper money introduced during the Civil War

Inflation  Increase in prices and decrease in value of money

One American’s Story  1) As the war dragged on, demand for men and resources took a toll on the citizens  2) Agnes described a mob scene that took place with hungry women and children. They smashed into stores and stole food, only force stopped the riot.

Disagreement about the war  1) Southerners were growing weary of the war  2) Confederate soldiers began to leave the army in increasing numbers.  3) Confederate states began to disagree with each other about the war  4) Copperheads began to give Lincoln trouble in the North. He had protesters arrested and suspended the writ of habeas corpus.

1) What is going on in this picture?

The Draft Laws  1) Both sides needed more men. They passed laws of conscription  2) In the South, if you were a planter who owned 20 or more slaves you could avoid service  3) In the North, men were offered a $300 dollar cash payment for volunteering.  4) The draft was very unpopular.

Economic Effects of the war  1) The suffering was more severe in the South  2) Food shortages were common because so many farmers were fighting  3) The average family food bill in the South increased from $6.65 to $68 in about two years  4) The North passed two economic measures. It established the first income tax and issued greenbacks.

Resistance by slaves  1) Slaves began to resist in the South by slowing their pace of work or stopping altogether. Some would even commit sabotage.  2) Some slaves even rose up in rebellion against their owners. Most often they just ran away.  3) By the end of the way, as many as half a million had fled to the North.

The War Effort  1) Women on both sides had increased responsibilities due to so many men fighting.  2) They took over jobs in offices and factories and volunteered as nurses.  3) Women also played a key role as spies on both sides.

Civil War Prison Camps  1) One of the worst prison camps was in Elmira, New York. In one year, more than 24 percent of Elmira prisoners died of sickness or severe weather.  2) People who saw the camps were shocked by the condition of the soldiers

Battle of Gettysburg  Battle in 1863 in Pennsylvania when Union forces stopped a Confederate invasion of the North

George Pickett  Confederate general who fought at Gettysburg

Pickett’s Charge  Failed assault on Union positions on final day of Battle of Gettysburg

Siege of Vicksburg  The surrounding of the city of Vicksburg, Mississippi, by Union forces

Sherman’s March to the Sea  Union general Sherman’s destructive march across Georgia

Appomattox Court House  Town in Virginia where Lee surrendered to Grant

The Road to Gettysburg 1) McClellan stopped Lee’s first Northern attack at Antietam. But he failed to finish Lee off. 2) Lincoln replaced McClellan with Ambrose Burnside. Burnside was a disappointment also. 3) Lincoln replaced Burnside with Joseph Hooker 4) “Stonewall” Jackson gets shot in the arm by his own men by accident.

The Battle of Gettysburg  1) Lee was leading his troops to Gettysburg to investigate a shipment of shoes when he ran into Union troops.  2) 90,000 Union – 75,000 Confederates  3) Fighting lasted for three days. Lee made a big mistake by sending George Pickett on a direct attack in the middle of the Union forces.  4) Pickett’s Charge was torn to pieces and confederates retreated.  5) Once again, Lincoln’s generals failed to finish off Lee.

The Siege of Vicksburg  1) A day after Pickett’s Charge, Grant defeated Confederate troops at the Siege of Vicksburg  2) Vicksburg was the last major Confederate stronghold on the Mississippi river  3) The Union completed a major part of the Anaconda Plan  4) The tide of war was in favor of the North.

Sherman’s Total War  1) Lincoln names Grant commander of all Union armies  2) Grant came up with a plan. He was going to chase Lee’s army while Sherman pushed deep into the South  3) Sherman took Atlanta then set on a path towards the coast on a path of destruction  4) His troops tore up everything that helped the South including rail lines, crops, and looted towns.  5) Northerners could sense victory and it helped get Lincoln reelected.

Grant’s Virginia Campaign  1) Sherman tried to meet back up with Grant  2) Grant is fighting Lee in fierce battles trying to reach Richmond  3) Grant loses a lot of men but keeps pressing.  4) Grant finally reaches Richmond after a ten month siege at Petersburg where Lee retreats.

Surrender at Appomattox  1) Lee fled west and Grant followed. Lee wanted to keep fighting, but knew the situation was hopeless.  2) On April 9, 1865, Lee and Grant met in the small Virginia town of Appomattox Court House to arrange the surrender.  3) Grant offered generous terms of surrender. Confederates could return home in peace  4) After four long years, the Civil war was coming to a close, but its effects would continue.

Ford’s Theatre  Washington, D.C. theater where Lincoln was shot

John Wilkes Booth  Confederate supporter who assassinated Abraham Lincoln

Thirteenth Amendment  Constitutional amendment that ended slavery

Ratify  Approve

Costs of the War 1) Lincoln hoped to heal the nation and bring North and South together again. 2) The Civil War was the deadliest war in American history. 620,000 soldiers died 3) Around 3 million men served, around 10 percent of the population. 4) The war also had great economic costs.

The Thirteenth Amendment  1) Union soldiers released African Americans after the war. One of those was Booker T. Washington.  2) The Emancipation Proclamation applied mainly to slaves in the South and not border states.  3) The Thirteenth Amendment was passed in 1865 and banned all slavery everywhere.

Lincoln’s Assassination  1) Lincoln did not live to see the end of slavery. Five days after Lee’s surrender he was shot at Ford’s Theatre.  2) The same night, an accomplice of Booth stabbed Secretary of State William Seward. Another man was supposed to assassinate Vice-President Johnson but failed.  3) Booth escaped the theatre but was caught and killed several days later.  4) Lincolns murder stunned the nation and it was a terrible setback.

Consequences of the War  1) In the North, people now viewed the country as a single nation rather than a collection of states.  2) The war caused the national government to expand.  3) The war also changed the Northern economy by introducing new industries.  4) The war devastated the South’s economy.